The authors investigate the OHG efficiency by varying the frequency of the input laser, With high frequency lasers electrons need less time to travel back and forth and the quantum diffusion may be less important. We also study the effect of the intensity of the laser. Optimum laser intensity is expected to exist since the higher the intensity of the laser can ionize atoms too fast, which leaves not many electrons remaining nearby to recombine with the atomic core to result in emission of radiation.
An important issue for software developers is to determine when to stop testing the software system and release it to users. Generally the release time is specified by the number of detected faults or the testing time needed to meet the reliability requirement. Software reliability directly depends on the number of remaining or corrected faults. All the detected faults are not always corrected under imperfect debugging environment. We therefore need a new approach to software release policy for imperfect debugging. This paper suggests a software release policy, which guarantees that the reliability requirement has been achieved. The suggested policy is then implemented and illustrated for specific SRGMs.
Purpose. This study aimed to explore family caregivers' experiences with ventilator-dependent patients at home. Methods. The number of patients using mechanical ventilators at home is expected to increase and family caregivers must be able to care for them. However, few studies focus on the experiences of family caregivers. We conducted in-depth interviews with 11 family caregivers who cared for a ventilator-dependent patient at home in South Korea. Data were analyzed using phenomenological method of enquiry. Results. Statements generated from the interviews on the meaning of the family caregiver's experiences were organized into 27 themes, 5 theme clusters, and 2 categories. The theme clusters included endurance under the burden situation, role strain as a caregiver, separation from others, trying to find coping methods, and oriental ethnical customs. Family caregivers of patients using domestic mechanical ventilators need systematic education and emotional support to cope with the challenges of managing ventilator equipment and learning new ways of communicating with patients on the ventilators. Conclusion. These findings may contribute to family caregivers' knowledge and competence, thereby allowing them to better support their ventilator-dependent family members.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effect of professionalism in the relationship between clinical competence and field adaptation in newly graduated nurses. Methods: The participants in this study were 213 nurses from four tertiary hospitals who had less than 12 months of nursing experience. Data were collected during January and February, 2013. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and path analysis with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Results: The mean score for clinical competence was 2.85±0.25, for professionalism, 3.10±0.30, and for field adaptation, 2.79±0.37. There was a significant positive relationship between clinical competence and field adaptation. Also, professionalism was positively correlated with field adaptation. Professionalism showed mediating effects between clinical competence and field adaptation. Improvement of clinical competence increased professionalism and the increased professionalism raised the field adaptation. Conclusion: Based on these findings, orientation programs including strategies to increase professionalism, should be established to promote effective field adaptation in newly graduated nurses. These orientation programs can strengthen professionalism, the mediator between clinical competence and field adaptation in newly graduated nurses.
For dye sensitization of zinc oxide in the visible region, copper phthalocyanine(CuPc) and sunfast yellow(SY) were adsorbed in two layers on zinc oxide powder. The adsorption structures of on zinc oxide were investigated by photoacoustic, IR and Raman spectra. The -polymorphs exhibited dimeric structure or molecular aggregates. The surface photovoltaic effect of ZnO/CuPc/SY showed higher than that of ZnO/SY/CuPc and indicated better photosensitive than Electrophotographic sensitivity of was $ at 630 nm.
본 연구의 목적은 초등학교에서 미술을 가르치고 있는 현장 교사들의 다문화미술교육에 대한 인식을 살펴보고 이를 통하여 향후 초등학교 다문화미술교육의 방향을 탐색하는 데 있다. 이 연구를 위해 초등교사 205명을 설문하였으며 제출하지 않은 3명을 제외한 202명의 자료가 본 연구에서 분석되었다. 설문 문항 구성은 자유 응답형 4문항과 다지 선다형 6문항 총 10문항으로 구성되었다. 자유 응답형은 모든 답변을 전사하여 코딩과정을 거쳐 내용을 분석하였다. 다지 선다형은 빈도 분석을 통해 교사들의 다문화미술교육에 대한 전반적인 인식 정도를 알아보았다. 분석 결과 대부분의 교사들은 다문화미술교육의 대상과 다문화미술교육과 기존 미술교육과의 차이점을 확실히 인지하고 있었다. 또한, 다문화미술교육의 내용과 필요성에 대해 깊이 공감하고 있지만 교사의 다문화지식 부족, 연수 부족, 다문화미술 교수ㆍ학습 자료 부족 등으로 현장에서 다문화미술교육 지도 시 어려움도 많았다고 답했다. 이런 문제점 해결을 위해 국가수준의 다문화미술교육과정이 개발되어 미술교육을 위한 다문화교육의 목표나 내용 등이 체계적으로 계획되어야 하고 적절한 다문화미술 교수ㆍ학습 모델과 자료 등이 개발되어 보급되어야 한다고 주장하였다. 또한, 교사들이 생각하는 다문화미술교육의 방법은 다문화미술교육에 적합한 새로운 학습 모델을 적용하고 체험학습을 통해서 하는 것이 효과적이라고 답변하였다. 나아가 교사의 다문화미술교육 역량 개발을 위한 다문화미술교육 연수의 필요성도 제기되었다.
Maghemite and hematite nanospheres were synthesized by using the Sol-gel technique. The structural properties of these nanosphere powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),and pore size distribution.Hematite phase shows crystalline structures.The mean particle size that resulted from BET and XRD analyses were 4.9 nm and 2 nm. The field emission scanning electron microscopy shows iron-oxide powder is composed of nanosized particles, but in nanosized aggregates (agglomeration of particles). It can be seen from transmission electron microscopy that the size of the particles are very small which is in good agreement with the FESEM and the Xray diffraction. TEM and FESEM confirmed that the iron-oxide powder is composed of sizes from 8 nm to 10 nm. The BET and pore size method were employed for specific surface area determination.
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