Objective: To share related knowledge and experiences with countries along the line, literature regarding current cohort studies was summarized. Distribution, establishment and development of cohort studies among large prospective general population were analyzed in 17 countries of Western Asia and the 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Methods: Literature review was conducted to collect basic information on cohort studies, with descriptive study used to analyze the characteristics of these cohort studies. Results: There were 562 cohort studies with sample size as more than 1 000 stated in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, including 468 (83.27%) carried out in the nation itself and 94 (16.73%) with international multicentered collaboration. According to the nature of cohort studies, 347 (61.74%) were etiologically based. As for the contents involved, 310 (55.16%) of them targeted on chronic/non-communicable diseases, 125 (22.24%) concentrated on maternal and child health. Among those on chronic/non-communicable diseases, 51 (16.45%) were on cancers and 83 (26.77%) on cardiovascular disease studies. There appeared 10 large prospective cohort studies targeting on general population, mainly ongoing in Iran and European countries, with a duration of 8-29 years, including 4 of them with sample size as more than 50 000. In terms of the contents, epidemiological investigation, physical examination and biological samples collection took the major parts. Few papers were published in 9 out of the 10 cohort studies at the early stage of those projects but the number of papers increased annually and stabilized to certain extent. Conclusions: The regional distribution of cohort studies carried out in countries from the Western Asia and Central and Eastern European areas appeared unbalanced. Contents of these designs would mainly involve etiological studies, with focus on non-communicable diseases as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, mental and psychological diseases, and maternal and infant health etc.. However, only few large prospective cohort studies would base on general population.目的： 梳理西亚地区17个国家和中东欧地区16个国家队列研究概况，分析典型前瞻性自然人群队列的分布、建设及发展状况。 方法： 采用文献回顾法收集队列研究的基本信息，采用描述性研究方法分析队列研究的特征。 结果： 西亚和中东欧地区各国共有样本量在1 000人及以上的队列研究562项，国家内队列研究468项（83.27%），国际多中心队列研究94项（16.73%）；从研究性质来看，病因学研究347项（61.74%）；从研究内容来看，慢性非传染性疾病研究310项（55.16%），母婴健康研究125项（22.24%），其中，慢性非传染性疾病研究中，癌症研究51项（16.45%），心血管疾病研究83项（26.77%）；共有大型前瞻性自然人群队列研究10项，主要分布在伊朗和欧洲地区各国，均为在研项目，持续时间在8～29年之间，队列规模>50 000人的4项；从建立机制看，均进行流行病学调查、健康体检和生物样本收集；从队列发展来看，10项队列研究中有9项在建设初期发表文章较少，随后逐年增长并保持在一定水平上下波动。 结论： 西亚和中东欧地区各国队列研究地区分布不平衡，主要进行病因学研究，重点关注癌症、心血管疾病、糖尿病、呼吸系统疾病、精神心理疾病等慢性非传染性疾病和母婴健康，具有少数可供借鉴的大型前瞻性自然人群队列。.
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of diphenoxylate abuse and related factors of forced drug abstainer in Gansu province. Methods: By using a self-designed questionnaire, an epidemiologic investigation was carried out among 2 108 forced drug abstainer selected from the compulsory isolation detoxification center of Gansu province. A case-control study was conducted to analyze the factors related with diphenoxylate abuse. Results: The diphenoxylate abuse rate among forced drug abstainer in Gansu was 19.8% (406/2 046), ranking first in medical drug abuse. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors as relieving withdrawal symptoms (OR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.01- 4.32), ways to obtain diphenoxylate (other ways: OR=1.00; regular clinic: OR=27.67, 95%CI: 2.64-289.82; friend: OR=0.01, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03), degree of euphoria (high: OR=1.00; medium: OR =3.36, 95%CI: 1.18-9.55; low: OR=26.16, 95%CI: 10.30-66.42), years of drug abuse (<5 years: OR=1.00; 10-15 years: OR=2.48, 95%CI: 1.02-6.04), abuse at home or in friend's house (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.08-8.68), abuse in car (OR=0.05, 95%CI: 0.00-0.68) and detoxification for the first time (OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.43-0.86) were the possible influencing factors for diphenoxylate abuse. Conclusions: The prevalence of diphenoxylate abuse in forced drug abstainer in Gansu was relatively high. Reasons of abusing, the way to obtain diphenoxylate, whether using drug together with friends, degree of euphoria, years of abuse, abuse place and times for detoxification were related factors influencing the abuse of diphenoxylate.目的： 了解甘肃省强制戒毒者复方地芬诺酯滥用现状，探讨影响该人群滥用复方地芬诺酯的相关因素。 方法： 采用自行设计的调查问卷，抽取甘肃省强制隔离戒毒所2 108例戒毒者，开展横断面流行病学调查，了解戒毒者复方地芬诺酯的滥用现状；采用病例对照研究方法探讨影响该人群滥用复方地芬诺酯的相关因素。 结果： 复方地芬诺酯在戒毒者中的滥用率为19.8%（406/2 046），居该人群医疗用药物滥用首位。多因素logistic回归分析显示，滥用原因为缓解戒断症状（OR=2.08，95%CI：1.01~4.32）、获得途径（其他途径：OR=1.00；正规诊所：OR=27.67，95%CI：2.64~289.82；朋友：OR=0.01，95%CI：0.01~0.03）、欣快感程度（高：OR=1.00；中：OR=3.36，95%CI：1.18~9.55；低：OR=26.16，95%CI：10.30~66.42）、滥用年限（<5年：OR=1.00；10~15年：OR=2.48，95%CI：1.02~6.04）、滥用场所为自家或朋友家（OR=3.04，95%CI：1.08~8.68）、滥用场所为车内（OR=0.05，95%CI：0.00~0.68）和第一次脱毒（OR=0.61，95%CI：0.43~0.86）可能为复方地芬诺酯滥用的相关影响因素。 结论： 甘肃省强制戒毒者复方地芬诺酯滥用率较高，滥用原因、获得途径、周围是否有同伴、欣快感程度、滥用年限、滥用场所和脱毒次数与该人群滥用复方地芬诺酯相关。.
Calycosin is a bioactive component of Astragali Radix, a Chinese herb for treating allergy. We have previously demonstrated that calycosin effectively inhibited allergic inflammation efficiently. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of calycosin on epithelial cells in allergic inflammation.An initial stage of atopic dermatitis (AD) model in which mice were just sensitized with FITC, was established in vivo and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were utilized in vitro. Initiative key cytokines, TSLP and IL-33, were measured by ELISA, qPCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot. The junctions in epithelial cells were observed by electron microscopy and tight junctions (TJs) (Occludin and ZO-1) were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. TLR4, MyD88, TAK1, TIRAP and NF-κB were measured by qPCR or Western blot.The results showed that TSLP and IL-33 were inhibited significantly by calycosin in the initial stage of AD model. Simultaneously, calycosin attenuated the separated gap among the epithelial cells and increased the expression of TJs. TSLP/IL-33 and TJs were similarly affected in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells in vitro. Meanwhile, calycosin not only inhibited the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TAK1 and TIRAP, but also reduced NF-κB activation in vitro and in vivo. An NF-κB inhibitor enhanced the expressions of TJs and reduced that of TSLP/IL-33 in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells.These results indicated that calycosin reduced the secretion of TSLP/IL-33 and attenuated the disruption of epithelial TJs by inhibiting TLR4 mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings help to understand the beneficial effects of calycosin on AD, and to develop effective preventive or therapeutic strategies to combat this disease and other epithelial barrier deletion-mediated allergic diseases.
Abstract Background To study the association between anthropometric measurements and the risk of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) to determine the best indicator and its optimal cutoffs for predicting type 2 diabetes and IFG. Methods A Chinese prospective (2011‐2019) cohort named the Jingchang cohort that included 48 001 participants was studied. Using Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratios (HRs) for incident type 2 diabetes or IFG per 1 SD change in BMI, WC, and WHtR were calculated. Area under the curve (AUC) was compared to identify the best anthropometric variable and its optimal cutoff for predicting diabetes. Results The association of BMI, WC, and WHtR with type 2 diabetes or IFG risk was positive in the univariate and multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Of all three indexes, the AUC of BMI was largest and that of WC was smallest. The derived cutoff values for BMI, WC, and WHtR were 24.6 kg/m 2 , 89.5 cm, and 0.52 in men and 23.4 kg/m 2 , 76.5 cm, and 0.47 in women for predicting diabetes, respectively. The derived cutoff values for BMI, WC, and WHtR were 23.4 kg/m 2 , 87.5 cm, and 0.50 in men and 22.5 kg/m 2 , 76.5 cm, and 0.47 in women for predicting IFG, respectively. [Correction added on 14 April 2020, after first online publication: ‘0’ has been deleted from ‘WC,0’ in the first sentence.]. Conclusions Our derived cutoff points were lower than the values specified in the most current Asian diabetes guidelines. We recommend a cutoff point for BMI in Asians of 23 kg/m 2 and for WC a cutoff point of 89 cm in men and 77 cm in women to define high‐risk groups for type 2 diabetes; screening should be considered for these populations.
Objective: To investigate the incidence and rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis to the workers in different occupational positions in Jinchang Cohort. Methods: In January 2014, a cohort of follow-up population in jinchang city was taken as the research object, 17843 individuals among follow-up populations in Jinchang Cohort Study, removed the individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis before 2013, and counted the new incidence individuals diagnosed by the A-Class hospital in Grade III in Jinchang City, Gansu Province, as the investigation objects to investigate the incidence rate & rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis. The statistical significance was tested by chi-square test. Results: The 2-year incidence rate of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pneumoconiosis in the population of Jinchang Cohort Study were 11.60‰, 13.51‰ for male and 8.46‰ for female. the ranks of 2-year incidence rates of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconiosis and other phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 7.06‰、3.42‰、0.84‰、0.34‰, respectively. Incidence rate of chronic bronchitis among administrators and executive staffs were 10.45‰; incidence rate of chronic bronchitis among service staffs were 10.45‰; incidence rate of pneumoconiosis among mining staffs were 3.44‰. Conclusion: The first incidence rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis in Jinchang cohort is chronic bronchitis, and the risk factors are smoking and occupational exposure.目的： 了解金昌队列人群不同作业岗位慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺的发病状况，探讨慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺高发病种及高危人群，为降低慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺提供发病基础数据。 方法： 于2014年1月，以金昌队列随访人群作为研究对象，以甘肃省金昌市某三级甲等医院对慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺的诊断情况作为发病指标。剔除研究对象于2013年前已确诊患慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺的个案后，共对17 843例随访个案按性别、年龄、作业岗位、吸烟状况分层后进行研究。用χ(2)检验进行慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺发生率显著性检验。 结果： 金昌队列人群不同作业岗位慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺累计总发生率为11.66‰（208/17 843），男性为13.60‰（75/11 102）、女性为8.46‰（51/6 741）；病种顺位为：慢性支气管炎（7.06‰，126/17 843）、肺气肿（3.42‰，161/17 843）、尘肺（0.84‰，15/17 843）和其他类型慢性阻塞性肺病（0.34‰，6/17 843）；不同作业岗位慢性支气管炎发生率以行政管理岗位为居高（10.45‰，22/2 105），肺气肿男性发生率以生活服务岗位居高（14.34‰，11/767），尘肺男性发生率以开采岗位居高（3.86‰，13/3 369）。不同吸烟状况男性尘肺发生率有差异，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论： 金昌队列人群慢性阻塞性肺病及尘肺发病以慢性支气管炎为主，主要影响因素为吸烟及职业暴露。.
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of early left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) after mitral valve replacement (MVR). We examined echocardiographic and nonechocardiographic predictors. Methods This study included 571 patients receiving MVR for RHD from 2012 to 2017. Their baseline characters, preoperative examination, operation data, and postoperative echocardiography were collected retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the predictors of early LV dysfunction after MVR. The LV dysfunction was defined as left ventricular end-ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%. The interaction model was further performed to calculate interaction effects between predictors selected by logistic regression. Results In the 571 patients, 164 (28.7%) had early LV dysfunction after the operation, but only 94 (16.5%) had a preoperative LVEF <50%. Significant differences between two groups (LVEF ≥50% or LVEF <50%) were finally revealed in LV end-diastolic dimension, preoperative atrial fibrillation (AF), preoperative LVEF <50%, and the white blood cell (WBC) count measured after admission (>10 × 109L −1) in the multivariate logistic regression. Corresponding odds ratios (ORs) were 1.06, 1.82, 3.63, and 2.64, respectively. Diabetes, lesion type, LV end-systolic dimension, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and serum creatinine were statistically significant (P < .05) in univariate logistic regression, with matched ORs 2.45, 1.66/0.65, 1.07, 2.50, 1.83, and 2.90, respectively. However, these variables were not significant anymore in the multivariate logistic model. Besides, the OR of early postoperative LV dysfunction increased to 7.00 when preoperative AF, preoperative LVEF <50%, and WBC >10 × 109L−1 were all present. Conclusions The preoperative LV dysfunction, a large LV volume, AF and over-normal WBC could independently predict postoperative LV dysfunction.
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