Fungi belonging to the order Uredinales are commonly referred to as rust fungi. All members of the Uredinales are parasitic on plants, often causing dramatic losses in various important crop plants (Alexopoulos et al. 1996). Together with the powdery mildew fungi and the downy mildew-causing oomycetes, rust fungi form an extremely successful group of parasites, the obligate biotrophs. The term obligate biotrophic characterizes a specific lifestyle in which the pathogen is absolutely dependent on a living host to complete its life cycle. In turn, the host plant as a whole usually suffers only limited damage over an extended period of time (Staples 2000). By contrast, necrotrophic parasites kill their hosts quickly after infection and subsequently thrive on the dead plant material (Staples 2001).
Summary Pathogenic fungi are subject to DNA damage stress derived from host immune responses during infection. Small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) modification and precursor (pre)‐mRNA splicing are both involved in DNA damage response (DDR). However, the mechanisms of how SUMOylation and splicing coordinated in DDR remain largely unknown. Combining with biochemical analysis, RNA‐Seq method, and biological analysis, we report that SUMO pathway participates in DDR and virulence in Fusarium graminearum , a causal agent of Fusarium head blight of cereal crops world‐wide. Interestingly, a key transcription factor FgSR is SUMOylated upon DNA damage stress. SUMOylation regulates FgSR nuclear‐cytoplasmic partitioning and its phosphorylation by FgMec1, and promotes its interaction with chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF for activating the expression of DDR‐related genes. Moreover, the SWI/SNF complex was found to further recruit splicing‐related NineTeen Complex, subsequently modulates pre‐mRNA splicing during DDR. Our findings reveal a novel function of SUMOylation in DDR by regulating a transcription factor to orchestrate gene expression and pre‐mRNA splicing to overcome DNA damage during the infection of F. graminearum , which advances the understanding of the delicate regulation of DDR by SUMOylation in pathogenic fungi, and extends the knowledge of cooperation of SUMOylation and pre‐mRNA splicing in DDR in eukaryotes.
The thickness change of porous multiparticle graphite electrodes upon first electrochemical lithium intercalation and extraction was investigated by means of electrochemical dilatometry. For all investigated graphites, expansion starts well above 0.5 V vs and thus, before any unsolvated Li intercalation compounds are formed. This finding can be explained by solvent co intercalation during the first charge prior to SEI formation, as described by the Besenhard model. At potentials vs , i.e., in the region of unsolvated intercalation, the dilatation curves reveal the same major staging features that are seen in the corresponding potential profiles.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)