Background and Objectives: The emergence of antibiotic resistant determinant in fish farms and its spread is on the increase and has evolved into strains that are resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Thus, it is critical to identify the distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from fish farms within Abakaliki Metropolis.
Methodology: Aseptically, fifty (50) milliliters of fishpond water was collected from twenty locations in fifteen (15) fish farms and were analyze using standard microbiological culture and identification of Escherichia coli. Detection of phenotypic extended spectrum β-lactamases production was performed using Double-Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Antibiotic susceptibility studies of extended spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were construed using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints.
Results: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli distribution from fishpond water revealed overall occurrence rate of 34(11.3 %). The proportion of ESBL producing Escherichia coli was 5(25.0 %) from fish farm L followed by Farm A, Farm E, Farm G, which both accounted for 20.0 % respectively while the least occurrence of 1(5.0 %) was recorded against Farm I. ESBL-producing E. coli were resistant to cephalosporin particularly Ceftriaxone (88.2%), Ceftazidime (91.2 %), Cefotaxime (94.1) and Cefepime (85.3 %). This was followed by Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (91. 2 %), Azetronam (97.1 %). In all, Ciprofloxacin (82.4 %), Imipenem (97.1 %), and Meropenem (100 %) were the most effective antibiotic against ESBL-producing E. coli isolate.
Conclusion: This study reveals the prevalence of the ESBL phenotype in fish farms. The increasing prevalence of resistance to routinely used antibiotics in medical and veterinary therapies among the study isolates from aquaculture products poses a significant challenge to the treatment of human and animal diseases. As a result, adequate antibiotic intervention is essential to ensure the continued efficacy of antibiotics for aquaculture and human health, as well as the industry's viability.
Background and Objectives: Antibiotic-resistance among microbiota found within the oral cavity is a growing concern due to extensive use of antibiotics in dental practice both for therapeutic and prophylactic reasons, but has so far received little attention in recent time. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of non-oral bacteria isolates from patients attending dental clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu (FEDCODTTEN) Methodology: A total of two hundred (200) oral swab samples were collected from patients with dental disease, placed in sterilized Brain Heart Infusion broth and immediately transported to the Microbiology Laboratory Unit of Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Enugu, for bacteriological analysis using standard microbiological methods for isolation and characterization. Antibiogram studies of non-oral bacteria was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined for Multidrug Resistant (MDR) non-oral bacteria.
Results: Phenotypic characterization of non-oral bacteria revealed an occurrence rate of S. aureus
35(17.5%) followed by E. coli 18(9.0%), Salmonella typhi 16(8.0 %) and K. oxytoca 4(2.0%) as the least predominant bacteria species. Among the oral site, lower right quadrant showed increase isolation rate of 30(15.0%) bacteria followed by lower left quadrant 23(11.5%) while upper right quadrant accounted 15(7.5 %) with the least isolation rate. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of non-oral bacteria in right quadrant and left quadrant samples from dental disease patients (P < 0.05). Non-oral bacteria isolate exhibited 57.1-100% resistant to Ertapenem, colisitn, amoxillicin, azetronam, colistin, ampicillin and clindamycin with Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) ranged from 0.4-0.7, indicating high level of multi-drug resistance but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8%, gentamicin 100% and imipenem 100%.
Conclusion: The high antibiotic resistant and increase multi-drug resistance outcome reported among non-oral bacteria in this study calls for strengthened efforts in antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control measures in dental practices with the need to implement regular awareness programs at time interval to control and manage multi-drug resistance bacteria through judicious use of antibiotic to re-establish dominance over multi-drug resistance non-oral bacteria implicated in dental diseases.
Background and Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are among the top tier of the list of antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens that pose the greatest threat to human health. In recent years, the rate of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has increased worldwide and has become of great concern since it significantly restricts the therapeutic options for patients. Therefore this study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the clinical isolate of Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Methodology: A total of five hundred (500) clinical samples were collected from patient’s attending Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State (AFEUTHA). The collected samples were analyzed for the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using standard microbiological techniques for isolation and characterization of bacteria. Further strain confirmation was performed using VITEK 2 System. Phenotypic detection of Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was performed using Modified Hodge testing. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by employing Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints.
Results: The occurrence rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples accounted for 119(23.8%) consisting of a high proportion from urine sample 81(27.4%) followed by wound swabs 13(25.5%), high vaginal swabs 17(20.7) while the least occurrence rate was observed against catheter tips 5(12.8%) and sputum 3(9.4%). Modified Hodge testing revealed 31(6.2%) carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa comprising of high proportion of 24(8.1%) from urine samples followed by wound swab 5(9.8%) while Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was absent in High Vaginal Swab recording 0(0.0%). Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic 100%, colistin 100%, tetracycline 100%, nitrofurantoin 70.8%, aztreonam 87.5% but were susceptible to nalixidic acid 50.0 %, ofloxacin 75.0%, and ciprofloxacin 100%.
Conclusion: As in-vitro susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin is known, their judicious utilization will accelerate a significant improvement in the patient's condition. As such, there is a substantial need for the evaluation of a wide spectrum and new therapies in different classes to counteract this imminent crisis of resistance among Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
This study seeks to determine the feacal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from food-producing animals and humans. A total of three hundred (300) fecal samples were collected using sterile universal containers from food-producing animals namely (Chicken [100], Pig [100] and humans (100) from Onicha Local Government Area of Ebonyi State and analyzed for the presence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica using standard microbiological techniques. Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) were done by disc diffusion and Double Disk Synergy Test. Molecular characterization for ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes were done by PCR with specific primers. The result shows that non-typhoidal Salmonella species (NTS) accounted for 25 % and 17 % in poultry and pig fecal sample respectively while 60 % and 40% were phenotypic ESBL producers respectively. When compared statistically there is significant difference among isolates confirmed ESBL-positive (P˂ 0.05). Also, none of the 16 (58 %) NTS isolated from humans harbored ESBL phenotype. PCR analysis with β-lactam specific primer detected the presence of blaOXA 50 % and 50 %, blaSHV 36 %, and 64 %, blaTEM 43 % and 57 %, blaCTX-M 36 % and 64 % in poultry and pig respectively. Fluoroquinolone resistant gene QnrA was present in 0 and 100 % of poultry and pig respectively. QnrB was 40 % and 60 % in poultry and pig isolates respectively. QnrS was present in 64 % isolates of poultry and 13 % isolates in pig. The high prevalence of genes encoding beta-lactamases and fluoroquinolone resistance (TEM, SHV, CTX-M and OXA, (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) were present more in poultry and pig than in humans and demonstrate a significant public health threat from consumption of food-producing animal harboring such pathogenic resistant genotype if not properly controlled.
Keywords: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, Fluoroquinolone, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, feacal carriage
The emergence of resistance to the frequent use of empirical treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is on the increase. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial Resistance profile of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolated from human clinical samples in Ebonyi State. A non-duplicated stool culture of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi of patients diagnosed with typhoid fever at General Hospital Onicha Igboeze were collected from the hospital ward namely: A & E (n = 4), MS (n = 3), FS (n = 3), PD (n = 7), LW (n = 4), ORT (n = 1), LAB (n = 17), THE (n = 9), GOPD (n = 4), MM (n = 3). Antimicrobial studies of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The proportion of resistance ranges from 33 %-100% against colistin, cefepime, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, amikacin, cefuroxime, and piperacillin-tazobactam but isolates were only susceptible to meropenem 100%. The use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi infection should be guided with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Nonetheless, the diversity of the Salmonella isolates as a result of the dissemination of these resistant genes is a call for concern and emphasizes a need for an extensive investigation for the presence of these genes in Ebonyi State as well as the implementation of strict antimicrobial policies in a bid to restrict the spread of these resistance genes and prevent the emergence of new resistant strains.
Background and Objectives: Over time, the enzymes AmpC β-lactamases have become more significant, due to their roles in antibiotic resistance among enterobacteriaceace especially in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae. Due to increase multidrug resistant express by AmpC β-lactamases producing bacteria strain, the patients care in several hospital has been severely hampered. Hence, this study was designed to assess the occurrence of CIT and DHA AmpC β-lactamase gene in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae from clinical sample in south eastern, Nigeria
Methodology: This study was conducted over an 8-month period on sixteen (16) non-repetitive clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae collected from medical microbiology laboratory unit of Alex Ekweume Federal University Teaching Hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria. The isolates were further identified using Standard microbiological Techniques and screened for cefoxitin resistance using a disc diffusion assay, followed by phenotypic tests using phenyl boronic acid assays for confirmation of AmpC β-lactamases production. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were further screen for AmpC β-lactamase CIT and DHA genotype by polymerase chain reactions
Result: Of the sixteen (16) confirmed phenotypic AmpC β-lactamase producing bacteria, 100% of the AmpC β-lactamase genes (DHA and CIT) were detected in E. coli from wound and urine samples from both male and female patients. The overall proportion of AmpC β-lactamases gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae were DHA (100 %) and CIT (100 %), in both male and female.
Conclusion: This study indicate the occurrence of CIT and DHA AmpC genotype. The detection of AmpC β-lactamases in this study is of clinically importance as such bacteria are often MDR. Thus, being aware of the presence of AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria could be very beneficial for achieving more accurate epidemiological results as well as controlling their spread, while surveillance is required to track any further dissemination and emergence of other AmpC β-lactamase genotypes.
This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of biofilm-forming bacteria isolated from locally produced soybean milk drinks sold within the Abakaliki metropolis. A total of 150 soybean milk samples comprising 15 samples from each location were collected using random sampling techniques from 10 different locations namely Nkaliki, Presco Junction, Azugwu, Kpirikpiri, Ahiaofu, Mile 50, Rice mill, Mechanic site, international market and Abofia area of Abakaliki town in Ebonyi State metropolis. The collected soybean milk samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria using standard microbiology techniques which include; culturing, Gram staining and biochemical tests. The screening for biofilm formation on isolated bacteria species was done using the tube method. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolated biofilm-forming bacteria was determined using the disc diffusion method. The result showed that a total of 100 (66.6%) bacteria were isolated from the locally produced soybean milk comprising of 5 bacteria genera namely: Staphylococcus aureus 25 (25%), Escherichia coli, 27 (27%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 (10%), Klebsiella species 15 (15%) and Salmonella species 23 (23%). The biofilm production screening test revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are biofilm-forming bacteria (are all the isolated bacteria of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa all biofilm producers. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of biofilm-forming bacteria varies between antibiotics. The result showed that all Staphylococcus aureus isolates were (100%) susceptible to ceftazidime, 80% resistant to imipenem and 72% resistant to ciprofloxacin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolates were 100% and 80% resistant to cefoxitin and ofloxacin while E. coli isolates were 70.3% and 63% resistant to ofloxacin and cefotaxime respectively. The study showed the poor hygienic quality of locally produced soybean milk marketed within the Abakaliki metropolis and this call for public awareness as it could be the source of disease outbreak/spread within this community.
This study was undertaken to examine the level of awareness of waste management practices among dental practitioners at dental clinic in Enugu metropolis. A total of forty-five (45) dental practitioners involved in the study were provided with a self-administered questionnaire comprising the source of dental waste management awareness, knowledge attitude, and practices on dental waste. The investigation showed that the main source of dental waste management was through training/conference 82.2%. Exactly 71.1% of the practitioners were aware of the guideline laid down by the government for BMW disposal while 6.7% were unaware. The majority of the practitioners 82.2 % were aware of different colored bags used to dispose of different types of waste while 11.1 % and 6.7 % of the respondent tick ‘No’ and ‘Don’t know’ respectively. Only 15.5% knew that pyrolysis is an environmentally friendly technology that converts organic waste to commercially useful by-products, while 11.1% knew that thermoplastics in dentistry cannot be reused and not biodegradable. Few practitioners are aware of the type of incinerator present in their dental clinic 31.1%. However, dental nursing had a higher level of awareness 75.0% over other cadres. Also, the gender variable was not significantly related to the level of awareness (p = .903). Nevertheless, the female’s counterpart had a higher level of awareness 33.3 % than the male’s counterpart 31.6%. The overall level of awareness of the safe management of dental waste accounted for 31.1% of the respondents. Our findings showed that there was a low level of awareness of dental waste management among the studied population. Nevertheless, it is important to provide a guide for policies and legislation. This is evident from the fact that it is the knowledge of what specifically constitutes waste and the categories of waste that determine how wastes are dealt with or managed. This knowledge is crucial for properly disposing of dental materials, recovering resources, and assessing technical and environmental implications. Moreover, waste management techniques ought to be a regular topic of discussion in training and Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses. Keywords: Dental practitioners, waste, management, Practices
Background and Objectives: In recent years, the rate of carbapenemase encoding gene in P. aeruginosa has increased worldwide and has become of great concern since it’s significantly restricts the therapeutic options for patients in Tertiary health care. Therefore, there’s a need for molecular characterization of carbapenemase encoding genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Tertiary Healthcare in South Eastern Nigeria.
Methodology: A total of twelve (12) Pseudomonas aeruginosa positive culture of Urine (n=5), Wound swab (n=5), Catheter tip (n=2) were collected from Alex Ekwueme Federal University Hospital Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FUTHA), Ebonyi State, South eastern Nigeria. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain confirmation was performed using VITEK 2 System and the bacteria were further screen for carbapemase encoding gene by PCR specific primer.
Results: Molecular amplification of carbapenemase encoding genes revealed that blaNDM and blaIPM accounted 12 (100%) across all sample source. Among the various sample sources, blaKPC was found 1(8.3%) in Urine, wound swab 3(25.0%), and Catheter tip 1(8.3%), while blaVIM was found 2(16.7%), 2(16.7%) and 0(0.0%) in Urine, wound swab and Catheter tip respectively. Co-expression of blaNDM + blaIMP accounted 5(41.6 %), 5(41.6 %) and 2(16.7 %) in Urine, wound swab and Catheter tip respectively. Co-expression of blaKPC + blaNDM + blaVIM + blaIMP + blaOXA was only detected in urine 1(8.3 %).
Conclusion: The current study gives an account of the presence of carbapenemase-encoding genes in P. aeruginosa. The expression of carbapenemase-encoding genes may be the mainstay of phenotypic MDR. As a result, physicians, other medical professionals, researchers, and public health policymakers must be kept up to date on the spread of carbapenemase-encoding genes. In addition, strict infection prevention and control strategies, as well as antimicrobial stewardship programs, are highly desirable in admission healthcare facilities where carbapenemase-encoding genes are spreading.
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