Abstractp63, a member of the p53 family, is overexpressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and some other tumors of epithelial origin. As a transcription factor, p63 can bind to p53-type response elements and there is some overlap between p53 family transcriptional targets. Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is a p53 regulated gene which is overexpressed in many human carcinomas. We investigated the involvement of p63 in regulation of TRAF4 and the expression of the TRAF4 protein in SCCHN. Disrupting endogenous p63 expression resulted in downregulation of TRAF4 mRNA and protein in an SCCHN cell line. Endogenous p63 bound to the TRAF4 promoter in vivo and reporter assays showed that p63, p73 and p53 can all transactivate TRAF4, with TAp63 isoforms being the most potent activators. The level of TRAF4 activation by TAp63 was two-fold higher than by p53, and TRAF4 was 10-fold more responsive to TAp63 than another p63-target, IGFBP3. Nuclear expression of TRAF4 was seen in normal oral epithelium and highly/moderately differentiated SCCHN, whereas cytoplasmic expression of TRAF4 was seen in poorly differentiated SCCHN. These results indicate that TRAF4 is a common target of p53 family members and that localization of TRAF4 is associated with differentiation of SCCHN cells.
BackgroundLoss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) are a well-replicated risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) and are known to cause an epidermal barrier defect. The nature of this barrier defect is not fully understood. Patients with AD with FLG LOF mutations are known to have more persistent disease, more severe disease, and greater risk of food allergies and eczema herpeticum. Abnormalities in corneocyte morphology have been observed in patients with AD, including prominent villus-like projections (VP); however, these ultrastructural features have not been systematically studied in patients with AD in relation to FLG genotype and acute and convalescent status.ObjectiveWe sought to quantitatively explore the relationship between FLG genotype, filaggrin breakdown products (natural moisturizing factor [NMF]), and corneocyte morphology in patients with AD.MethodsWe studied 15 children at first presentation of AD and after 6 weeks of standard therapy. We applied atomic force microscopy to study corneocyte conformation in patients with AD stratified by FLG status and NMF level. By using a new quantitative methodology, the number of VPs per investigated corneocyte area was assessed and expressed as the Dermal Texture Index score. Corneocytes were also labeled with an anti-corneodesmosin antibody and visualized with scanning electron microscopy.ResultsWe found a strong correlation between NMF levels and Dermal Texture Index scores in both acute and convalescent states (respective r = −0.80 and −0.75, P < .001 and P = .002). Most, but not all, VPs showed the presence of corneodesmosin abundantly all over the cell surface in homozygous/compound heterozygous FLG patients and, to a lesser extent, in heterozygous and wild-type patients.ConclusionsNMF levels are highly correlated with corneocyte morphology in patients with AD. These corneocyte conformational changes shed further insight into the filaggrin-deficient phenotype and help explain the barrier defect in patients with AD with FLG LOF mutations.
The presence of p53-pathway dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can be used to identify patients with chemotherapy-refractory disease. Therapeutic responses are known to vary between patients with chemosensitive CLL and may relate to differences in p53-pathway activity. We hypothesized that the magnitude or type of p53-pathway protein expression is heterogeneous in patients with chemosensitive disease and could associate with white cell responses. In this pilot study, changes in p53 and its transcriptional targets, p21/waf1 and MDM2 were analyzed by immunoblotting and densitometry in CLL cells from 10 patients immediately prior to the start of chemotherapy, and after culture for 24 hours (h) with fludarabine (n=7) or chlorambucil (n=3). The in vitro response was also compared to that in vivo in circulating cells pre-treatment, and at 24h and 96h of chemotherapy. Disease responses were evident in all patients after the first treatment-cycle. Significant p53 induction was observed in CLL cells treated in vitro and in vivo. Greater heterogeneity in the expression-intensity was observed in vivo (σ2=45.15) than in vitro (σ2=1.33) and the results failed to correlate (r(2)=0.18, p=0.22). p21/waf1 and MDM2 expression-profiles were also dissimilar in vitro and in vivo. Higher in vivo (but not in vitro) responses associated with changes in white cell count (p=0.026). Thus, heterogeneity of p53-pathway activity exists in chemosensitive CLL; in unselected patients, in vivo changes do not correlate with those in vitro, but may associate with post-treatment white cell responses.
Tenovin-6 (Tnv-6) is a bioactive small molecule with anti-neoplastic activity. Inhibition of the Sirtuin class of protein deacetylases with activation of p53 function is associated with the pro-apoptotic effects of Tnv-6 in many tumors. Here, we demonstrate that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, Tnv-6 causes non-genotoxic cytotoxicity, without adversely affecting human clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, or murine hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, exposure of CLL cells to Tnv-6 did not induce cellular apoptosis or p53-pathway activity. Transcriptomic profiling identified a gene program influenced by Tnv-6 that included autophagy-lysosomal pathway genes. The dysregulation of autophagy was confirmed by changes in cellular ultrastructure and increases in the autophagy-regulatory proteins LC3 (LC3-II) and p62/Sequestosome. Adding bafilomycin-A1, an autophagy inhibitor to Tnv-6 containing cultures did not cause synergistic accumulation of LC3-II, suggesting inhibition of late-stage autophagy by Tnv-6. Thus, in CLL, the cytotoxic effects of Tnv-6 result from dysregulation of protective autophagy pathways.
Profilaggrin and filaggrin play multiple roles in the formation and function of the epidermal barrier, contributing to protection against dehydration, mechanical stress, infection, and, it has been proposed, photodamage.1Sandilands A. Sutherland C. Irvine A. McLean W. Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease.J Cell Sci. 2009; 122: 1285-1294Crossref PubMed Scopus (569) Google Scholar Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) represent the strongest and most significant genetic risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) identified to date.1Sandilands A. Sutherland C. Irvine A. McLean W. Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease.J Cell Sci. 2009; 122: 1285-1294Crossref PubMed Scopus (569) Google Scholar Proteolysis of filaggrin releases histidine and other amino acids into the stratum corneum. Histidine is converted by the enzyme histidase (histidine ammonia-lyase) to trans-urocanic acid (trans-UCA), which can then undergo photoisomerization on absorption of UVB to produce cis-UCA (see Fig E1 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). There is experimental evidence to suggest that cis-UCA has immunomodulatory and photoprotective effects. The local and systemic immunosuppressive effects of cis-UCA were initially demonstrated in murine models, and more recently, histidinemic mice deficient in cutaneous UCA because of a mutation in Hal, the gene encoding histidase, have been reported to show increased propensity to UVB-induced DNA damage.2Barresi C. Stremnitzer C. Mlitz V. Kezic S. Kammeyer A. Ghannadan M. et al.Increased sensitivity of histidinemic mice to UVB radiation suggests a crucial role of endogenous urocanic acid in photoprotection.J Invest Dermatol. 2011; 131: 188-194Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar Mice deficient in caspase-14 (an enzyme in the profilaggrin-filaggrin proteolytic pathway) show accumulation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in response to UVB radiation and increased apoptosis in the epidermis, indicating a role for caspase-14 in UVB scavenging within the stratum corneum.3Denecker G. Hoste E. Gilbert B. Hochepied T. Ovaere P. Lippens S. et al.Caspase-14 protects against epidermal UVB photodamage and water loss.Nat Cell Biol. 2007; 9: 666-674Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar The immunosuppressive effects of cis-UCA have been demonstrated in human keratinocytes and leukocytes in vitro; knockdown of FLG in organotypic culture results in increased susceptibility of keratinocytes to UV-induced apoptosis.4Mildner M. Jin J. Eckhart L. Kezic S. Gruber F. Barresi C. et al.Knockdown of filaggrin impairs diffusion barrier function and increases UV sensitivity in a human skin model.J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130: 2286-2294Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (224) Google Scholar Loss-of-function mutations and copy number variation in FLG are known to result in lower levels of filaggrin breakdown products, including UCA, in human stratum corneum. Therefore it has been postulated that FLG genotype might in part determine the photoprotective capacity of human skin (see Fig E1),1Sandilands A. Sutherland C. Irvine A. McLean W. Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease.J Cell Sci. 2009; 122: 1285-1294Crossref PubMed Scopus (569) Google Scholar but experimental evidence in vivo is lacking. We aimed to test the hypothesis that filaggrin deficiency resulting from loss-of-function mutations in FLG is associated with increased erythemal sensitivity to UV radiation. Cutaneous response to UV radiation was assessed by using the minimal erythema dose (MED; the lowest dose of UV causing just perceptible skin redness) as a quantifiable surrogate end point for cutaneous damage. We used detailed monochromator phototesting of 71 adult volunteers of white European ethnicity with clinically normal skin; the demographic characteristics are summarized in Table I. A calculation performed before this study commenced indicated that 7 or 8 FLG mutation carriers within a total study size of 70 to 80 subjects would provide sufficient statistical power to detect a 1.8-fold difference in MED. This sample size estimation was based on known variability in MEDs from previous studies and assuming comparisons of arithmetic means of log-transformed data (therefore able to back–transform differences into fold differences). Details of the power calculation are shown in the Methods section in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org.Table IDemographic data and FLG genotype results for 71 volunteers with clinically normal skinSex43 male/28 femaleAge (y), range (median)22-70 (41)FLG wild-type subjects (no.)61FLG heterozygotes (no.)10Total (no.)71Volunteers were screened for the 6 most prevalent FLG loss-of-function mutations in the population. Five subjects were heterozygous for R501X, 3 were heterozygous for 2282del4, 1 was heterozygous for R2447X, and 1 was heterozygous for S3247X. No 3673delC or 3702delG mutations were detected, and there were no homozygotes or compound heterozygotes. Fitzpatrick skin phototype was recorded for 45 of 71 subjects, and there was no significant difference (P = .14, χ2 test) in skin phototypes between the genotype subgroups. Open table in a new tab Volunteers were screened for the 6 most prevalent FLG loss-of-function mutations in the population. Five subjects were heterozygous for R501X, 3 were heterozygous for 2282del4, 1 was heterozygous for R2447X, and 1 was heterozygous for S3247X. No 3673delC or 3702delG mutations were detected, and there were no homozygotes or compound heterozygotes. Fitzpatrick skin phototype was recorded for 45 of 71 subjects, and there was no significant difference (P = .14, χ2 test) in skin phototypes between the genotype subgroups. This work was approved by the East of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (reference 14/ES/0030), and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were screened for the 6 most prevalent loss-of-function mutations in FLG in the white European population (R501X, 2282del4, R2447X, S3247X, 3673delC, and 3702delG) by using published methodology.5Sandilands A. Terron-Kwiatkowski A. Hull P. O'Regan G. Clayton T. Watson R. et al.Comprehensive analysis of the gene encoding filaggrin uncovers prevalent and rare mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema.Nat Genet. 2007; 39: 650-654Crossref PubMed Scopus (520) Google Scholar Ten (14%) of 71 were found to be heterozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in FLG (Table I). Fitzpatrick sun-reactive skin phototype was recorded for 45 of 71 subjects, and no difference was detected (P = .14, χ2 test) in skin phototypes between the genotype subgroups. Up to 7 separate wavebands from 295 to 430 nm, representing a spectrum from UVB to UVA and visible light, were tested on the 71 subjects. A detailed description of phototesting methods is given in the Methods section in this article's Online Repository. Subjects were grouped according to FLG genotype, and MEDs were compared by using nonparametric rank-based methods (because some MED values were greater than or less than test dose ranges) with the Mann-Whitney U test (see the Methods section in this article's Online Repository) to derive CIs for differences in median MEDs (see Table E1 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). We detected no significant differences in MEDs (defined as P ≤ .05) between the FLG wild-type and FLG heterozygous groups at any of the wavebands tested (Fig 1 and see Table E1). The CIs for differences were sufficiently narrow to make any large differences in MEDs between the genotype groups unlikely. It has previously been reported that AD might be associated with photosensitivity,6ten Berge O. van Weelden H. Bruijnzeel-Koomen C.A. de Bruin-Weller M.S. Sigurdsson V. Throwing a light on photosensitivity in atopic dermatitis: a retrospective study.Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009; 10: 119-123Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar a lower threshold to UVB-induced erythema,7Tajima T. Ibe M. Matsushita T. Kamide R. A variety of skin responses to ultraviolet irradiation in patients with atopic dermatitis.J Dermatol Sci. 1998; 17: 101-107Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar or both. Some epidemiologic data also suggest a higher incidence of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers in subjects with a history of AD.8Dyer R.K. Weinstock M.A. Cohen T.S. Rizzo A.E. Bingham S.F. Group V.T. Predictors of basal cell carcinoma in high-risk patients in the VATTC (VA Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention) trial.J Invest Dermatol. 2012; 132: 2544-2551Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar Loss-of-function mutations in FLG are strongly associated with AD, and there is widespread downregulation of filaggrin expression in the skin of patients with atopic eczema, which has been demonstrated at the transcriptome level by means of direct RNA sequencing,9Cole C. Kroboth K. Schurch N.J. Sandilands A. Sherstnev A. O'Regan G.M. et al.Filaggrin-stratified transcriptomic analysis of pediatric skin identifies mechanistic pathways in patients with atopic dermatitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134: 82-91Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar and in the breakdown products of filaggrin in the stratum corneum, which was quantified by means of HPLC.10Kezic S. O'Regan G.M. Yau N. Sandilands A. Chen H. Campbell L.E. et al.Levels of filaggrin degradation products are influenced by both filaggrin genotype and atopic dermatitis severity.Allergy. 2011; 66: 934-940Crossref PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar A partial reduction in expression of filaggrin might result from the effect of circulating inflammatory cytokines, whereas a more profound deficiency results from loss-of-function mutations in FLG leading to near-complete absence of profilaggrin in the homozygous or compound heterozygous state. Therefore it can be hypothesized that filaggrin deficiency contributes to the observed photosensitivity and/or reduced threshold to UVB-induced erythema in patients with AD. We have performed a detailed analysis of cutaneous photoresponse in clinically normal skin to avoid the confounding effects of atopic inflammation. Our findings have excluded a large effect of FLG genotype on photosensitivity (≥1.8-fold difference in MED) at any of the wavebands tested. In addition, the results of our monochromator phototesting did not indicate a differential erythemal sensitivity within the wavelengths representing UVB, as would be predicted from the known absorption spectrum of UCA. One limitation of our study is that the healthy volunteers did not include any subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris, and therefore we have not excluded the possibility that FLG homozygous (or compound heterozygous) subjects might show greater erythemal sensitivity than wild-type subjects. However, FLG-null heterozygosity has a significant effect on filaggrin expression in vivo,9Cole C. Kroboth K. Schurch N.J. Sandilands A. Sherstnev A. O'Regan G.M. et al.Filaggrin-stratified transcriptomic analysis of pediatric skin identifies mechanistic pathways in patients with atopic dermatitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134: 82-91Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar, 10Kezic S. O'Regan G.M. Yau N. Sandilands A. Chen H. Campbell L.E. et al.Levels of filaggrin degradation products are influenced by both filaggrin genotype and atopic dermatitis severity.Allergy. 2011; 66: 934-940Crossref PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar and therefore we would expect an effect to be observed in FLG heterozygotes if this was substantial. The fact that observations of UVB-induced damage in murine and in vitro models have not been supported by clinical data suggest that different mechanisms lead to cutaneous erythema in vivo than the markers of UV damage studied in vitro and in mice. For example, apoptosis is known to occur within areas of skin damaged by UV exposure, and this is associated with cutaneous erythema, but the relationship is nonlinear. Furthermore, the photoprotective effect of the FLG wild-type genotype might be attributable to a mechanical filtering of UV radiation by the stratum corneum rather than by chemical photoimmunosuppression. In conclusion, our FLG genotype–stratified analysis of responses to UV and visible radiation in clinically normal skin does not support the hypothesis that the breakdown products of filaggrin play a major role in the sensitivity of human skin to UV-induced erythema. This has relevance to the ongoing search for predictors of patient response in phototherapy for AD and for the development of personalized medicine. We thank the patients and volunteers who participated in this study and Lynn Fullerton, who provided technical support in the photobiology investigations. We are very grateful to Professors James Ferguson and Peter Farr for their expert advice in the design and conduct of these studies. Healthy adults with clinically normal skin of phototypes I to IIIE1Fitzpatrick T.B. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI.Arch Dermatol. 1988; 124: 869-871Crossref PubMed Scopus (3091) Google Scholar who had previously participated in research studies within the National Photobiology Unit (Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom) were invited to participate in this study. Exclusion criteria were history of skin allergy, eczema/AD, psoriasis or polymorphic light eruption, immunosuppression caused by medications or disease, photosensitizing medication, and a holiday abroad or sunbed use within the preceding 4 weeks. A total of 71 subjects provided written informed consent and a saliva sample for DNA extraction. Emollient application to skin test sites was not allowed within the 48 hours before phototesting. Detailed phototesting was undertaken by using an irradiation monochromator, which is a diffraction grating device with a 1.6-kW or 450-W xenon arc lamp.E2MacKenzie L.A. Frain-Bell W. The construction and development of a grating monochromator and its application to the study of the reaction of the skin to light.Br J Dermatol. 1973; 89: 251-264Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, E3Moseley H. Naasan H. Dawe R.S. Woods J. Ferguson J. Population reference intervals for minimal erythemal doses in monochromator phototesting.Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2009; 25: 8-11Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar This instrument allows irradiation of small areas of the skin over a range of wavebands, which are included in the solar spectrum (UVB to UVA/visible). Monochromator phototesting was performed as follows. On day 1, approximately 1-cm2 areas of the skin on the volunteer's back were exposed to UV and visible light according to a standardized procedure established in the National Photobiology Unit. A range of doses of UV and visible light at specific narrow wavebands was used for all subjects centered on (with half-maximum bandwidth) 295 ± 5, 300 ± 5, 305 ± 5, 335 ± 30, 365 ± 30, 400 ± 30, and 430 ± 30 nm. The MED, which was defined as the minimum dose producing just perceptible erythema for each waveband tested, was determined 24 hours after irradiation. The irradiation procedure was repeated on day 2 on a separate area of back skin using smaller dose increments (10% to 20%) across a narrower range of doses at each waveband selected on the basis of the MEDs seen 24 hours after first irradiation to establish the MED precisely. Final MEDs were assessed 24 hours later (day 3). Our prestudy sample size calculation was performed to determine how many subjects were likely to be needed to detect a clinically important difference in MEDs between the FLG genotype groups within the 305 ± 30 nm waveband. MED data derived from testing with a geometric dose series do not follow a normal distribution, and therefore we based our sample size on the minimum difference in arithmetic means of natural log-transformed MEDs. This method was used because differences in arithmetic means of log-transformed data can be "back-transformed" to fold differences (eg, 1.8-fold), which is more understandable than the difference in log-transformed MEDs that equates to this. MEDs for the 305 ± 5 nm waveband (representing a narrow waveband in the UVB region, the waveband of interest) from 120 healthy volunteers tested at the National Photobiology Unit were used to derive variance. These nonnormal data were log-transformed, and the numbers needed to detect a 1.5-, 1.8-, and 2-fold difference in geometric means were estimated by using Stata 12.1 software (StataCorp, College Station, Tex). Assuming that approximately 10% of the study participants would have 1 or more FLG loss-of-function mutations,E4Irvine A.D. McLean W.H. Leung D.Y. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases.N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 1315-1327Crossref PubMed Scopus (854) Google Scholar to obtain an 80% power with a P value of .05, we required at least 7 or 8 subjects with FLG mutations (expected within a total sample size of 70-80 subjects) to detect a difference of 1.8-fold in mean natural log-transformed MEDs at this waveband between the wild-type and FLG-null groups. Similarly, 55 volunteers, including 5 or 6 FLG mutation carriers, were needed to detect a 2-fold difference in mean natural log-transformed UVB MEDs. Therefore the results arising from our sample size, including 71 volunteers and 10 FLG mutation carriers, have sufficient statistical power to effectively exclude an association with FLG genotype and erythemal response of a 1.8-fold or greater difference at the wavebands tested. When analyzing our data, we used nonparametric methods reliant on ranks, rather than absolute values, instead of parametric methods based on transformed data. This was for the practical reason that although we obtained ranks for all MEDs, the precise values for some were unknown (greater than or less than our test dose range). Some MEDs were determined to be greater than or less than the test irradiation ranges. A small number was added to all MEDs at greater than the top dose tested for wavebands of 305 nm and longer and a small number was subtracted from MEDs of less than the lowest dose tested to allow appropriate rank-based analyses. The phototesting results were compared with FLG genotype status (FLG wild-type or FLG mutant) by using the Mann-Whitney U test to analyze these nonparametric data to test the null hypothesis that there was no association of MEDs with genotype. Corresponding CIs around medians were derived by using the methods of Altman and Gardner.E5Campbell M.J. Gardner M.J. Calculating confidence intervals for some non-parametric analyses.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988; 296: 1454-1456Crossref PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar We took a P value of .05 or less to be significant.Table E1Results of monochromator phototesting of 71 healthy volunteers stratified according to FLG genotypeWaveband295 ± 5 nm300 ± 5 nm305 ± 5 nm335 ± 30 nm365 ± 30 nm400 ± 30 nm430 ± 30 nmMedian MED (mJ/cm2)FLG wild-type subjects10.0 (n = 53)18.0 (n = 53)47.0 (n = 61)5,600 (n = 61)24,000 (n = 61)>82,000 (n = 61)>82,000 (n = 61)FLG heterozygous subjects8.2 (n = 8)15.0 (n = 8)47.0 (n = 10)4,950 (n = 10)20,000 (n = 10)82,000 (n = 10)>82,000 (n = 10)Difference1.8 mJ/cm2 higher in FLG wild-type3.0 mJ/cm2 higher in FLG wild-typeNo difference650 mJ/cm2 higher in FLG wild-type4,000 mJ/cm2 higher in FLG wild-typeNot quantifiableNot quantifiable95% CI for difference−2.6 to 5.0−3.0 to 7.0−9.0 to 14.0−1,200 to 2,300−7,000 to 9,000Not quantifiableNot quantifiableP value (Mann-Whitney U test).41.35.79.62.74.58.70Some cells are "not quantifiable" because results of greater than the highest test dose were recorded. Open table in a new tab Some cells are "not quantifiable" because results of greater than the highest test dose were recorded.
Autoimmune haemolysis or thrombocytopenia can complicate purine nucleoside monotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), but Evans syndrome is rare. This is a report of the occurrence of pancytopenia secondary to a unique combination of red cell aplasia with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in a patient with CLL following treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide. This case is unusual for the simultaneous targeting of three haemopoietic lineages by immune dysfunction following fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, which is a treatment regimen believed to reduce autoimmune haematological toxicity in CLL.
Hard domestic water increases the risk of developing atopic dermatitis in infancy, especially in filaggrin mutation carriers: 1625 J Craven;M Perkin;K Logan;T Marrs;S Radulovic;L Campbell;S MacCallum;W McLean;G Lack;C Flohr; Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Keratin 7 (K7) is a Type II member of the keratin superfamily and despite its widespread expression in different types of simple and transitional epithelia, its functional role in vivo remains elusive, in part due to the lack of any appropriate mouse models or any human diseases that are associated with KRT7 gene mutations. Using conventional gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells, we report here the generation and characterisation of the first K7 knockout mouse. Loss of K7 led to increased proliferation of the bladder urothelium although this was not associated with hyperplasia. K18, a presumptive type I assembly partner for K7, showed reduced expression in the bladder whereas K20, a marker of the terminally differentiated superficial urothelial cells was transcriptionally up-regulated. No other epithelia were seen to be adversely affected by the loss of K7 and western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis revealed that the expression of K8, K18, K19 and K20 were not altered in the absence of K7, with the exception of the kidney where there was reduced K18 expression.
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