Aging was recently described as a life event programmed by the hypothalamus, a key brain region that is crucial for the neuroendocrine interaction between the central nervous system and the periphery. Autophagy impairment is a hallmark of aging, contributing to the aging phenotype and to the aggravation of age-related diseases. Since hypothalamic autophagy decreases with age, strategies to promote autophagy in the hypothalamus may be relevant for control of the aging process. NPY (neuropeptide Y) is an endogenous neuropeptide mainly produced by the hypothalamus. We recently reported, for the first time, that NPY stimulates autophagy in rodent hypothalamus and mediates caloric restriction-induced autophagy in hypothalamic neurons. Moreover, we observed that NPY acts through NPY1R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y1) or NPY5R activation involving a concerted action of different signaling pathways. Since both hypothalamic autophagy and NPY levels decrease with age, modulation of NPY levels could provide new putative therapeutic tools to ameliorate age-related deteriorations and extend longevity.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) has been recognized as a major health concern worldwide, given its increasing prevalence, difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, and impact on health, economy, and society. Clinical guidelines highlight the need of biomarkers to guide OSA clinical decision-making, but so far, without success. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database (ID CRD42020132556), we proposed to gather and further explore candidates identified in the literature as potential OSA biomarkers. Search strategies for eight different databases (PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde, Web of Science, EMBASE, World Intellectual Property Organization database, and bioRxiV and medRxiV Preprint Servers) were developed. We identified studies exploring potential biomarkers of OSA, in peripheral samples of adults, with and without OSA, with no comorbidities defined in study inclusion criteria, published after the last systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on OSA biomarkers, until May 31st, 2020. Risk of bias was assessed through the 14-item Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. Demographic, clinical, and candidate biomarkers' data were collected and analyzed via random effects meta-analyses. Among the 1512 unique studies screened, 120 met the inclusion criteria and 16 studies with low risk of bias were selected for meta-analyses. The selected 16 studies enrolled a total of 2156 participants, from which 1369 were diagnosed with OSA and 787 were disease-free controls. The assessed variables showed high heterogeneity. From the 38 biomarker candidates evaluated, only two were evaluated in more than one study. Most studies pinpointed candidates with more potential for OSA prognosis. ADAM29, FLRT2 and SLC18A3 mRNA levels in PBMCs, Endocan and YKL-40 levels in serum, and IL-6 and Vimentin levels in plasma revealed the most promising candidates for OSA diagnosis. Although the current systematic review and meta-analysis allowed us to identify candidates to further explore as potential biomarkers in future studies, it is evident that OSA biomarkers research is still at an early stage. Most findings derive from small-size single-center study cohorts and single-candidate studies. We point several gaps in current OSA biomarker research that may guide into new directions and approaches towards the identification of OSA biomarkers.
The present work was developed in higher education with graduate students of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Pharmacology lectures of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal. During the semester was used the strategy of Quizzes, supported by the digital application Kahoot!. The students were challenged to elaborate multiple choice questions (quiz) about the subject, and answering in the class. A survey was developed to evaluate students' motivation to elaborate Quizzes. Sixty students answered the survey. After the analysis of data, the results show that the main motivation for students to elaborate Quizzes was the 0.5 values in final grade. Moreover, the results show that students recognized the relevance of this methodology as an active learning strategy useful for students' engagement with the subject.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent and underdiagnosed sleep disorder. Recent studies suggest that OSA might disrupt the biological clock, potentially causing or worsening OSA-associated comorbidities. However, the effect of OSA treatment on clock disruption is not fully understood.The impact of OSA and short- (four months) and long-term (two years) OSA treatment, with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), on the biological clock was investigated at four time points within 24 h, in OSA patients relative to controls subjects (no OSA) of the same sex and age group, in a case-control study. Plasma melatonin and cortisol, body temperature and the expression levels and rhythmicity of eleven clock genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed. Additional computational tools were used for a detailed data analysis.OSA impacts on clock outputs and on the expression of several clock genes in PBMCs. Neither short- nor long-term treatment fully reverted OSA-induced alterations in the expression of clock genes. However, long-term treatment was able to re-establish levels of plasma melatonin and cortisol and body temperature. Machine learning methods could discriminate controls from untreated OSA patients. Following long-term treatment, the distinction between controls and patients disappeared, suggesting a closer similarity of the phenotypes.OSA alters biological clock-related characteristics that differentially respond to short- and long-term CPAP treatment. Long-term CPAP was more efficient in counteracting OSA impact on the clock, but the obtained results suggest that it is not fully effective. A better understanding of the impact of OSA and OSA treatment on the clock may open new avenues to OSA diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.