Un projet de conception ou d'amenagement de bâtiment industriel inclut generalement une etude d'implantation des espaces et des postes de travail. Le plan d'implantation qui en resulte a un impact important sur l'organisation et les futures conditions de travail. Dans la pratique, les surfaces d’usage necessaires aux acces et aux circulations des personnes et des moyens de manutention ne sont pas toujours prises en compte. Cet article propose un modele de determination des besoins en surface lie a l'utilisation des equipements de travail. L'objectif est de prevoir l'ensemble des surfaces d'usage afin de reduire les risques lies aux contraintes d'espace (postures contraignantes, effort important) dans les projets de conception ou d'amenagement de locaux. Une analyse comparative de deux methodes pratiques est presentee, celles dite de Guerchet et 0+5+X. Quatre cas d'applications industrielles sont utilises pour illustrer la demarche.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disorder caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. In addition to muscle pathology, some patients with DMD will exhibit cognitive impairments with severity being linked to age and type of genetic mutation. Likewise, some studies have shown that mdx mice display impairments in spatial memory compared with wild-type (WT) controls, while others have not observed any such effect. Most studies have utilized the traditional C57BL/10 (C57) mdx mouse, which exhibits a mild disease phenotype. Recently, the DBA/2J (D2) mdx mouse has emerged as a more severe and perhaps clinically relevant DMD model; however, studies examining cognitive function in these mice are limited. Thus, in this study we examined cognitive function in age-matched C57 and D2 mdx mice along with their respective WT controls. Our findings show that 8- to 12-week-old C57 mdx mice did not display any differences in exploration time when challenged with a novel object recognition test. Conversely, age-matched D2 mdx mice spent less time exploring objects in total as a well as less time exploring the novel object, suggestive of impaired recognition memory. Biochemical analyses of the D2 mdx brain revealed higher soluble amyloid precursor protein β (APPβ) and APP in the prefrontal cortex of mdx mice compared with WT, and lower soluble APPα in the hippocampus, suggestive of a shift towards amyloidogenesis and a similar pathogenesis to Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the utility of the D2 mdx model in studying cognitive impairment.
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