Chopin Soo

National Cheng Kung University

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Lay Nam Chang

Virginia Tech

Eyo Eyo Ita

United States Naval Academy

Hoi-Lai Yu

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

Hoi-Lai Yu

United States Naval Academy

Wei-Min Zhang

Wenzhou Medical University

Chih‐Huang Lai

National Tsing Hua University

Yin‐Zhong Wu

Suzhou University of Science and Technology

Huei-Chen Lin

National Cheng Kung University

C. H. Oh

National University of Singapore

L. Chan

GlobalFoundries (Singapore)

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National Cheng Kung University

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

National University of Singapore

Academia Sinica

Nanyang Technological University

Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology

National Central University

National Center for Theoretical Sciences

Analysis Group (United States)

Virginia Tech

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Intrinsic Time Geometrodynamics

Chopin Soo Hoi Lai Yu

10.1142/13062

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Citations (1)

Quantum geometrodynamics with intrinsic time development

International Journal of Modern Physics D (2016)

Chopin Soo

Quantum geometrodynamics with intrinsic time development is presented. Paradigm shift from full space-time covariance to spatial diffeomorphism invariance yields a non-vanishing Hamiltonian, a resolution of the `problem of time', and gauge-invariant temporal ordering in an ever expanding universe. Einstein's general relativity is a particular realization of a wider class of theories; and the framework prompts natural extensions and improvements, with the consequent dominance of Cotton-York potential at early times when the universe was small.

General Covariance

Diffeomorphism

Hamiltonian (control theory)

10.1142/s0218271816450085

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Citations (5)

New formulation of Horava–Lifshitz quantum gravity as a master constraint theory

Physics Letters B (2011)

Chopin Soo Jinsong Yang Hoi-Lai Yu

Hamiltonian constraint

Hamiltonian (control theory)

Constraint algebra

Canonical quantum gravity

10.1016/j.physletb.2011.05.055

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Citations (5)

Cosmic Time and General Relativity

arXiv (Cornell University) (2017)

Eyo Eyo Ita Chopin Soo Hoi-Lai Yu

In an ever-expanding spatially closed universe, the fractional change of the volume is the preeminent intrinsic time interval to describe evolution in General Relativity. With this additional physical input, the constraints are no longer first class, but can in fact be turned into a set of second class constraints when the physical degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) are identified with transverse-traceless excitations. A true physical Hamiltonian for intrinsic time evolution emerges, together with a reduced phase space with two d.o.f. apposite to functional integral methods and perturbative quantization. Freed from the first class Dirac algebra, deformation of the Hamiltonian constraint is permitted, and natural extension of the Hamiltonian while maintaining spatial diffeomorphism invariance leads to a theory with Cotton-York term as the ultra-violet completion of Einstein's General Relativity.

Diffeomorphism

Hamiltonian constraint

Hamiltonian (control theory)

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General Relativity without paradigm of space-time covariance: sensible quantum gravity and resolution of the "problem of time"

arXiv (Cornell University) (2012)

Chopin Soo Hoi-Lai Yu

The framework of a theory of gravity from the quantum to the classical regime is presented. The paradigm shift from full spacetime covariance to spatial diffeomorphism invariance, together with clean decomposition of the canonical structure, yield transparent physical dynamics and a resolution of the problem of time. The deep divide between quantum mechanics and conventional canonical formulations of quantum gravity is overcome with a Schrodinger equation for quantum geometrodynamics that describes evolution in intrinsic time. Unitary time development with gauge-invariant temporal ordering is also viable. All Kuchar observables become physical; and classical spacetime, with direct correlation between its proper times and intrinsic time intervals, emerges from constructive interference. The framework not only yields a physical Hamiltonian for Einstein's theory, but also prompts natural extensions and improvements towards a well behaved quantum theory of gravity. It is a consistent canonical scheme to discuss Horava-Lifshitz theories with intrinsic time evolution, and of the many possible alternatives that respect 3-covariance (rather than the more restrictive 4-covariance of Einstein's theory), Horava's ``detailed balance form of the Hamiltonian constraint is essentially pinned down by this framework.

Canonical quantum gravity

General Covariance

Hamiltonian (control theory)

Wheeler–DeWitt equation

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Improvement on lithography pattern profile by plasma treatment

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A Vacuum Surfaces and Films (1999)

Chopin Soo A. J. Bourdillon Suresh Valiyaveettil C. H. A. Huan Andrew T. S. Wee

New chemical information has been obtained which explains “footing” and “bottom pinching” effects in chemically amplified (CA) resists on a silicon nitride surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the residual alkaline molecules on the nitride surface play a major role in the formation of nitride footing. It appears that the organic contaminants are not responsible for nitride footing. O2 and N2O/SiH4 plasma treatment are used to modify the silicon nitride surface. Less severe footing is observed if the nitride surface is treated with N2O/SiH4 plasma. This is attributed to the deposition of a thin oxide cap on the nitride substrate, which suppresses the surface basicity. However, extended N2O plasma treatment causes resist bottom pinching. This is ascribed to the surface acidity of a newly formed oxide cap which enhances the CA resist development process. Results show that the N (1s) peak, after extended N2O/SiH4 plasma treatment, has shifted to a higher binding state which suggests that the nitride surface becomes acidic, causing bottom pinching.

Silicon oxide

10.1116/1.582101

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Citations (1)

Exact solutions of the Wheeler–DeWitt equation and the Yamabe construction

Annals of Physics (2015)

Eyo Eyo Ita Chopin Soo

Diffeomorphism

Wheeler–DeWitt equation

Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric

10.1016/j.aop.2015.04.016

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Citations (4)

Intrinsic time geometrodynamics: Explicit examples

Chinese Journal of Physics (2015)

Huei Chen Lin Chopin Soo

Formalism (music)

10.6122/cjp.20150825

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Citations (4)

Effective gauge group of pure loop quantum gravity is SO(3): New estimate of the Immirzi parameter

Physics Letters B (2006)

Chung-Hsien Chou Yi Ling Chopin Soo Hoi-Lai Yu

Immirzi parameter

Spin network

10.1016/j.physletb.2006.04.028

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Massive torsion modes from Adler-Bell-Jackiw and scaling anomalies

arXiv (Cornell University) (1999)

Lay Nam Chang Chopin Soo

Regularization of quantum field theories introduces a mass scale which breaks axial rotational and scaling invariances. We demonstrate from first principles that axial torsion and torsion trace modes have non-transverse vacuum polarization tensors, and become massive as a result. The underlying reasons are similar to those responsible for the Adler-Bell-Jackiw (ABJ) and scaling anomalies. Since these are the only torsion components that can couple minimally to spin 1/2 particles, the anomalous generation of masses for these modes, naturally of the order of the regulator scale, may help to explain why torsion and its associated effects, including CPT violation in chiral gravity, have so far escaped detection. As a simpler manifestation of the reasons underpinning the ABJ anomaly than triangle diagrams, the vacuum polarization demonstration is also pedagogically useful.

Regularization

10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9905001

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Citations (3)