Kaposi's sarcoma of the breast is rare but has been reported to imitate breast lumps or gynaecomastia, usually accompanied by Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin. We report a case of a patient presenting with mastitis of the breast as the first symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS. Although uncommon, the diagnosis should be considered in patients with mastitis without other obvious causes.
This thesis examines how corporate scandals work, the circumstances that make them possible, and how they are accounted for by wider society. The thesis finds that first, companies with high social responsibility scores (according to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings) are more prone to scandals compared to a matched control group. Second, it finds that the Danske Bank money laundering scandal emerged and endured through the interaction of different social-control agents who formed a framing coalition against the alleged company. Third, the thesis finds that identities of companies ending up in scandals are configurated through interactions of human and nonhuman actors, including framing devices and experts. Recently a new stream of literature has emerged within the social-evaluation literature, analyzing the role of social-control agents in scandal emergence, and in doing so, viewing scandals as a social construction. Addressing this emerging stream of scandal research, this thesis examines the phenomenon of corporate scandals in the age of ‘responsible business.’ The first chapter, Deceived by ‘S’: corporate scandals and ESG, examines if ESG ratings (a measure of good behavior) can predict scandals. The empirical inquiry is built on a comprehensive data material: a unique, hand collected sample of 113 global corporate scandals and a corresponding control group. Using logit regressions, the first chapter finds that scandals happen in otherwise perceived ‘socially responsible companies’ (with high ‘S’ scores, according to ESG rating agencies). In doing so, this thesis contributes with new empirical evidence to a growing stream of literature that takes a critical view on the reliability of ESG rating providers. This unexpected – and thought-provoking – finding not only raises questions about the reliability of the ratings, but also about how scandals work and are accounted for. The subsequent two chapters address these questions. The second chapter, How social-control agents interact in scandal emergence: insights from Danske Bank, examines how scandals emerge and endure. In doing so, it examines how different social-control agents interact therein. Shifting the methodological approach to a qualitative deep dive case study, this chapter analyzes the Danske Bank money laundering scandal through large data material and original interviews with central persons involved. Drawing on Goffman (1959) and Entman (1993) allows for analyzing interactions of multiple social-control agents. In doing so, the analysis reveals how a framing coalition of different social-control agents were formed to create a case against Danske Bank in the money laundering scandal. With this framing coalition the case went from being isolated to misconduct in the bank’s Estonian branch to being a global scandal. This chapter contributes to existing social evaluation literature with the theory concept of a framing coalition developed by combining Entman (1993) and Goffman (1959). It shows how different social-control agents impose each their framings on the audience and interact with each other with each their frontstage and backstage. In the third chapter, Framing and overflowing in corporate scandals, the focus shifts to the company. Drawing on actor-network theory (ANT) and Callon’s (1998) twin notions of framing and overflow, this chapter examines how company identities are configurated before and during scandal emergence. The analysis of four corporate scandals finds that nonhuman framing devices, such as medical labels and certifications, contribute to establishing a frame of companies, serving as façades. In addition, it shows how experts played a central role in purifying the frame of the scandal firm.
We present Scandinavia's first series of immediate alloplastic breast reconstructions with an acellular dermal matrix.Data were collected retrospectively in 76 cases of immediate breast reconstruction using an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and an implant.A total of 59 women were reconstructed between June 2011 and January 2013. Cases included 42 unilateral and 17 bilateral reconstructions. A large number of patients had adjuvant therapy, hormone therapy (34), radiation therapy (27) or chemotherapy (38). The median age was 51 years (30-70 years) and the median follow-up period was 326 days (68-624 days). The co-morbidity factors included hypertension (n = 11), diabetes (n = 2) and 19 patients were smokers. Unsuccessful reconstructions counted ten cases (13%), eight of these due to necrosis and/or wound dehiscence (10%) and two due to infection (3%). The failure rate in non-smokers was 2/52 (4%) compared with 8/24 (33%) in smokers, p = 0.001. In hypertensive patients, the failure rate was 6/12 (50%) compared with 4/64 (6%)in normotensive patients, p = 0.001. 70% of the failed reconstructions occurred in patients older than 65 years of age.Immediate alloplastic breast reconstruction using an ADM can be recommended to healthy non-smoking patients.not relevant.not relevant.
Somatostatin (SST) analogues are used to control the proliferation and symptoms of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that modulate posttranscriptional gene expression. We wanted to characterize the miRNAs operating under the control of SST to elucidate to what extent they mediate STT actions. NCI-H727 carcinoid cell line was treated with either a chimeric SST/dopamine analogue; a SST or dopamine analogue for proliferation assays and for identifying differentially expressed miRNAs using miRNA microarray. The miRNAs induced by SST analogue treatment are investigated in carcinoid cell lines NCI-H727 and CNDT2 using in situ hybridization, qPCR and proliferation assays. SST analogues inhibited the growth of carcinoid cells more potently compared to the dopamine analogue. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the samples based on miRNA expression clearly separated the samples based on treatment. Two miRNAs which were highly induced by SST analogues, miR-7 and miR-148a, were shown to inhibit the proliferation of NCI-H727 and CNDT2 cells. SST analogues also produced a general up-regulation of the let-7 family members. SST analogues control and induce distinct miRNA expression patterns among which miR-7 and miR-148a both have growth inhibitory properties.
