Objective To investigate iodine nutrition status in different groups of population before the adjustment of salt iodine content in Fujian province,in order to provide the basis for the further assessment about the adjustment effect.Methods In 2011,in 84 counties,chose a certain percentage of the township in every county at random according to the five directions of the site of the east,west,south,north and middle,then monitored salt iodine content at household;selected 5 townships in every county,then chose 20 8-10-year-old children in each township to detect their urinary iodine.After that,chose 30 counties by means of PPS,3 townships out of every county,then selected 5 pregnant,5 lactating women in every township to detect their urinary iodine.Results Monitored 24 277 salt samples totally in the province,and the median iodine content of salt was 28.93 mg/kg,and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 96.96%,the coverage rate of iodized salt was 98.21%,the qualified rate of iodized salt was 98.73%.The median urine iodine of 8-10-year-old children in 8 440 urinary samples was 192.0 μg/L,and the median urinary iodine of children in inland areas was higher than that in coastal areas.The median urinary iodine of pregnant was 147.2 μg/L which was less than the standard 150～249 μg/L recommended by WHO.The median urinary iodine of lactating women was 134.1 μg/L,reaching the standard 100 μg/L recommended by WHO.Conclusion Under present iodine content of salt the iodine nutritional levels of residents in Fujian is suitable,and iodine excess does not exist.We should concern about the status of iodine nutrition of pregnant women.
Objective To analyze the monitoring results of patients with iodine deficiency disorders,and to find out the eliminating process of iodine deficiency disorders and the iodine nutritional status of population before adjustment of iodine level in edible salt in Fujian Province.Methods Thirty counties(cities,districts) were sampled by population proportion probability sampling in the whole Province in 2011; one primary school was selected from each of those 30 counties(cities,districts) ; 40 children aged 8-10 were selected from each of those 30 primary schools; thyroid volume of these children was examined by type-B ultrasound and the iodine level in edible salt from those 40 households was tested by the method of direct titration.Twelve urine samples of those 40 children were collected randomly,and urinary iodine level was tested by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Resident's per capita salt intake was calculated by the three-day-weighing method.In the village(where the school was in),5 drinking water samples were collected in the north,the south,the east,the west and the center of the village.If the water supply was centralized in the village,then 2 tap water samples were collected.Water iodine level was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Three townships(towns,street offices)were selected in the vicinity of those schools; 5 pregnant and 5 lactating women were selected in each of those 3 townships (towns,street offices).Their urinary iodine level was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Results Totally 1219 children aged 8 to 10 were examined,and their goiter rate was 4.92％(60/1219).Three hundred and sixty three urine samples were tested,and the median urinary iodine level was 223 μg/L.Among them,urinary iodine ＜ 50 μg/L accounted for 5.2％ (19/363),and ＜ 100 μg/L accounted for 14.6％ (53/363).The median urinary iodine level of pregnant women was 147.2 μg/L,and 52.0％(235/452) of them were less than 150 μg/L.The median urinary iodine level of lactating women was 134.1 μg/L.The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.4％ (1143/1211).Per capita daily salt intake was 6 g,and 81.4％ (293/360) of the residents' intake was less than 9 g.The median iodine content of drinking water was 6.2 μg/L,and 89.5％ (68/76) of them was less than 10 μg/L.Conclusions All indicators have met the national standard of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders in Fujian Province in 2011.But there is an iodine deficiency problem in pregnant women,and these women should be given extra iodine supplement.
Key words:
Salts; Iodine; Deficiency diseases ; Urine ; Data collection
To evaluate the therapeutic effect and security of CT guided unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) in senile patients.From April 2009 to June 2010, 26 patients undergoing CT guided unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty were analyzed retrospectively. There were 9 males and 17 females,ranging in age from 60 to 85 years with an average of (67.50+/-6.76) years, ranging in course of disease from 2 to 30 days with an average of (8.92+/-4.36) d. The affected segments involved 35 vertebras. The major clinical manifestations of OVCF were lumbar-back pain (especially when turning over or stooping down) and unable to bear. The needle was punctured into vertebral of lesions through unilateral puncture under the CT guidance; and then 3-5 ml bone cement was injected into vertebral. Antibiotic was used 3 days to prevent postoperative infections. Postoperative complications were observed after operation, such as local leakage of bone cement, penetrating spinal cord and/or segmental spinal nerve injuries and pulmonary embolism. X-ray was used to measure the height of anterior, middle and exterior of vertebral before and after treatment. A visual analog scale (VAS) scoring was applied to evaluate pain score preoperative, 48 hours postoperative and the terminal follow-up.Twenty-six patients achieved success in punctuation without serious complications. Local leakage of bone cement occurred in 6 cases, but without clinical symptoms or signs. One patient suffered from acute intraoperative reactions to bone cement and relieved by 5 mg dexamethasone and oxygen. All patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months [averaged (8.4+/-1.6) months]. The postoperative vertebrae height was higher than preoperative,but there was no statistical difference between postoperative and preoperative (P>0.05). Preoperative VAS scores was 7.63+/-0.92, postoperative score was 3.00+/-1.09, the final follow-up score was 2.38+/-1.17; there was significant difference between preoperative and postoperative at 48 hours (P<0.05), but there was no statistical difference between final follow-up and postoperative at 48 hours (P>0.05).Unilateral PVP under CT guided can increase the vertebral strength and stabilize vertebral body,and the procedure is a safe and effective method for OVCF in elderly patients.
Objective
To understand the iodine nutritional status of population and the progress of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders after the adjustment of iodine content of edible salt in Fujian Province.
Methods
Thirty counties were sampled by population proportion probability sampling in the whole province. The iodine level in edible salt from 1 507 households was tested by direct titration method (GB/T 13025.7-1999); goiter rate and prevalence of thyroid nodules of 1 642 children aged 8 - 10 were examined by type-B ultrasound; urinary iodine level of 1 619 children and 623 pregnant women was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometric method (WS/T 107-2006).
Results
The median of iodine level in edible salt from those 1 507 households was 24.3 mg/kg, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 92.0% (1 387/1 507); the goiter rate of those 1 642 children aged 8 - 10 was 3.1% (51/1 642), their prevalence of thyroid nodules was 14.4% (236/1 642), and the median urinary iodine level was 154.3 μg/L, among them, urinary iodine 0.05, those children aged 8 - 10 were divided into several groups base on the median urinary iodine level ( 0.05].
Conclusions
All indicators have met the national standard of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders after the adjustment of iodine content of edible salt in Fujian Province. Iodine content of edible salt has been adjusted in place, in the general population, iodine nutritional level is in suitable condition. There exists no problem of iodine excess, but there is an iodine deficiency problem in pregnant women, among those children aged 8 - 10, the prevalence of thyroid nodules has nothing to do with the iodine nutritional level.
Key words:
Salts; Deficiency diseases, iodine; Urine; Thyroid nodule
Objective To comprehend overall dynamic transformation tendency of IDD in Fujian Province after carrying out univeral salt iodization intervening measure,estimate intervening measure evaluation and realize objective course of eliminating IDD.Methods To inverstigate 30 counties every other year from 1995,understand the goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10,urine iodine,household consuming iodine salt and health education questionnaire.Results After universal salt iodization,the percentage of household consuming effective iodine salt of Fujian citizen rises from 44.6% in 1995 to 90.9% in 2005.The percentage of househould consuming ineffective iodine salt descends from 44.8% in 1995 to 6.1% in 2005.The goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 declines from 29.5% in 1995 to 1.3% in 2005.The medine of urine iodine of children aged 8 to 10 increases from 111.8 μg/L in 1995 to 158.1 μg/L in 2005.Conclusions As a result of 10 years prevention and cure,each technique target of controlling IDD reaches eliminating IDD national criterion with exception,realize the aim of eliminating IDD at provincial level.
Objective To study the level of children's intelligence quotient before and after USI in iodine deficiency regions.Methods By the combined Raven's Test in China(CRT-C2),intelligence quotient(IQ)values were measured.Results The average IQ of children were103.76±14.36after iodine supplement for7years,and the IQ proportions below or equal69were1.2%.Compared with those in1994when iodized salt were not supplied,the children's IQ values were increased greatly.The IQ values had significant difference among different ages and different school recorded but had not discovered statistic difference between sexes.Conclusions USI and the development of society and the improvement of nutrition can increase children's intelligence significantly in iodine deficient areas.
Objective
To investigate the coverage of iodized salt and the iodine status among children aged from 8-10 years in both urban and rural areas of Xiamen after promotion of new standard iodized salt, and to provide scientific evidence for adjustment of control strategy.
Methods
After 3 year promotion of new standard iodized salt, Huli and Xiang'an were selected as the urban and rural investigation sites, respectively in 2015. Each investigation site was further divided into five sampling areas, namely east, west, south, north and central. In each sampling area, one town was randomly selected and 2 tapping water samples were collected to determine the iodine level; in each town, 4 villages were randomly selected and 15 residents were selected and edible salt samples were collected to determine the iodine level. Moreover, one primary school was selected in each town, and 40 children aged from 8-10 years old were randomly selected to perform thyroid examination and urinary iodine level determination. The water iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; salt iodine was detected by direct titration; urinary iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; thyroid was examined by B ultrasound.
Results
The iodine concentration was lower than 10 μg/L in drinking water in both urban and rural areas. The coverage rate of iodized salt in urban and rural areas was 99.3% (298/300) and 94.0% (282/300), respectively. The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 93.7% (281/300) and 90.7% (272/300), respectively. The prevalence of goiter was 3.8% (8/210) both in urban and rural areas. The prevalence of thyroid nodule was 17.6% (37/210) and 19.5% (41/210), respectively. No significance was found when comparing the prevalence of goiter and the prevalence of thyroid nodule (χ2= 0.000, 0.252, all P > 0.05). The median of urinary iodine was 208.9 and 167.2 μg/L, respectively. The statistical analysis found that the urban children had higher iodine level when comparing with rural counterparts (Z= 4.030, P 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid nodule in male and female children was 13.5% (28/208) and 23.6% (50/212), respectively, the analysis showed that the female children had higher prevalence of thyroid nodule (χ2= 7.115, P < 0.01). The median of urinary iodine in male and female children was 197.8 and 169.6 μg/L, respectively, and the urinary iodine level was significantly higher in male when comparing with female children (Z= 2.218, P < 0.05).
Conclusions
After promotion of new standard iodized salt, the iodine nutrition of children aged from 8-10 years in both urban and rural areas of Xiamen were good. The goal of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders was achieved. The iodine supplement measure should be further promoted to ensure the adequate level of iodine in residents, adhere to the iodine supplement measure, promote a healthy lifestyle, ensure the amount of iodine intake.
Key words:
Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Urine; Salts; Child; Thyroid
Objective To investigate the occurrence of new cretinism cases and the prevalence of endemic goiter in iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) high-risk areas of Fujian province,so as to put forward target prevention and control measures for these areas.Methods Twelve counties from Xiuyu,Xiangan,Pingtan,and Dongshan were chosen into the survey by simple random sampling,searching for new cretinism cases were carried out in children under 10 years old.Two schools were chosen in every county and the thyroid volume of forty children aged 8 - 10 were determined by B-ultrasonography methods and their urinary iodine(UI) was determined by As3--Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry in each school.Twenty women of child-bearing age aged 18 - 40 were chosen for collecting edible salt and urine samples,and the salt iodine content was determined using self-quantitative kit and their UI was also determined by As3--Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry.Results In the 4 high-risk counties,no cretinism cases were found.The goiter rate of children aged 8 - 10 was 3.6％(37/1027),and that in Dongshan county was 5.4％(13/240),which was higher than the national standards for eliminating IDD( ＜ 5％).The median urinary iodine(MUI) of children aged 8 - 10 was 175.3 μg/L,and the MUI of women aged 18 -40 was 152.7 μg/L.The coverage rate of iodized salt was 82.7％(382/462).Conclusions New case or suspected new case of cretinism is not discovered in the high-risk areas of IDD of Fujian province,and median urinary iodine level of people is in the adequate range.
Key words:
Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Goiter, endemic
Drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria were established to assess the rational use of antibiotic prophylaxis (RUAP) in Type I incision operations (TOIO) during peri-operation period and to enhance pharmacists' responsibilities for antibiotic stewardship.The criteria were set with a threshold based on a literature review and discussions with multidisciplinary experts. Patients who received TOIO from July 2008 to June 2012 were enrolled in the study. The percentage of prescriptions adhering to all items of criteria was 10% at baseline.According to DUEs and interviews by pharmacists, the percentages of prescriptions adhering to all items of criteria of DUE-1, DUE-3, DUE-5, and DUE-8 were 13.3, 20.0, 50.0 and 66.7%, respectively. The study showed that the most common inappropriate therapies were no indications for prophylaxis antibiotic use and inappropriate choices of antibiotics. Pharmacists finally disseminated DUE criteria and reports to prescribe and improve RUAP in TOIO at the hospital through the Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC).The study demonstrated that application of pharmacist- directed DUE is a useful strategy to detect, supervise and help correct challenges encountered during antibiotic prophylaxis in TOIO.
Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status of residents in coastal areas of Fujian province,and to provide evidence for effective implementation of preventive strategy of scientific supplying of iodine.Methods In 2009,in Fujian province,6 cities were selected,then one area in every city was selected.A District Office was selected in every area,and then 1 Residents Committee in every District Office was selected.Eleven counties were selected,1 township in each county was selected,and then 1 village in each township was selected.Thirty families were selected in each Residents Committee(village),and then iodine content in household drinking water and salt were tested.The per capita salt intake in the households was calculated using 3 days weighing method.Twenty adults aged 18 to 45 were selected to test their urinary iodine; thirty pregnant and lactating women and 50 children aged 8 to 10 in each street(township ) were selected to test their urinary iodine(UI).Results One hundred and fifty three,30,94,183 and 62 families in coastal cities,inland cities,inland rural areas,coastal rural areas,and coastal mountain areas were surveyed,respectively.The median iodine content of salt was 28.4 - 30.8 mg/kg.The coverage rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate were all above 90％ in coastal cities,inland cities,inland rural areas and coastal mountain areas.The coverage rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate were 86.9％(159/183) and 83.6％(153/183) in coastal rural areas.In coastal cities,coastal rural areas,inland rural areas,inland cities and coastal mountain areas,258,300,110,160 and 101 children aged 8 - 10 were surveyed,respectively,and the median UI were 191.0,165.6,267.7,269.0 and 161.0 μg/L,respectively.One hundred and one,123,118,63 and 41 adults were surveyed,respectively,and the median UI were 197.6,203.4,174.7,302.8 and 154.9 μg/L,respectively.One hundred and fifty one,181,50,101 and 63 pregnant were surveyed,respectively,and the median UI were 156.5,141.7,116.2,163.0 and 126.2 μg/L,respectively.One hundred and fifty four,184,40,111 and 70 lactating women were surveyed,respectively,and the median UI were 130.3,118.8,110.9,154.6 and 175.9 μg/L,respectively.Conclusions The iodine nutritional level of residents in coastal areas is suitable,and iodine excess does not exists.Coastal areas still need to supply iodized salt.We should be highly concerned about the status of iodine nutrition of pregnant women and put this part of population into routine monitoring.
Key words:
Iodine; Urine; Sodium chloride, dietary ; Nutritional status; Data collection
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