To satisfy the tight budget of critical dimension, an immersion exposure process is widely applied to critical layers of the recent advanced devices to accomplish the high performance of resolution. In our 40nm node logic devices, the overlay accuracy of the critical layers (immersion to immersion) would be required to be less than 15nm (Mean+3sigma) and the one of the sub-critical layers (dry to immersion) would be required to be less than 20nm (Mean+3sigma). Furthermore, the overlay accuracy of the critical layers might be less than 10nm (Mean+3sigma) in the 32nm node logic devices. The method of improving the overlay performance should be investigated for mass production in the future. In this report, attaching weight to productivity, we selected the technique of high order process correction with machine configuration and applied it for 40 nm node production. We evaluated the overlay performance of the critical layers using 40nm process stack wafer and found that high order grid compensation was effective for reducing the process impact on the overlay accuracy. Furthermore, about the sub-critical layers, high order grid compensation was also effective for controlling the tool matching error.
Abstract Phosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) is critical event for many cellular processes including muscle contraction, mytosis, migration, and exocytosis. Epigallocatechin‐3‐ O ‐gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenolic compound of green tea and has various physiological functions. We found that EGCG disrupted stress fibers and suppressed the MRLC phosphorylation in HeLa cells. To elucidate the mechanism for the suppressive effect on the phosphorylation, we examined the effect of various inhibitors for kinases that modulate MRLC phosphorylation. None of the inhibitors mimic the activity of EGCG. These results suggest that EGCG is a compound that can suppress MRLC phosphorylation.
We report a case in which intraocular endoscopy clarified the cause of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) failure with a cloudy cornea. A 42-year-old patient with glaucoma underwent AGV implant surgery to treat secondary glaucoma due to chronic iridocyclitis in his left eye. After AGV, he developed bullous keratopathy (BK) in that eye. After Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) was performed to treat BK, the intraocular pressure (IOP) increased and early failure of the DSAEK resulted again in a cloudy cornea. We could not precisely detect any cause of AGV failure with ordinary imaging instrumentation. An intraocular endoscope was used to determine that cause, and we found that the fibrous tissue occluded the tube of the AGV. The IOP decreased soon after the tissue was removed. We conclude that intraocular endoscopy was useful for diagnosing AGV failure with BK.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) was originally identified as a co-receptor of the Wnt signalling pathway and has been shown to be involved in LDL transport. In polarized hepatocytes, many apical proteins are sorted to the basolateral membrane and then internalized and transported to the apical bile canalicular membrane - a process known as transcytosis. We show that LRP6 is transcytosed to the apical membrane of polarized hepatic HepG2 cells via a flotillin-dependent manner in the absence of LDL. LRP6 formed a complex with Niemann-Pick type C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), which is localized to the bile canalicular membrane of the liver and is involved in cholesterol absorption from the bile. LRP6 was required for apical membrane localization of NPC1L1 in the absence of LDL. Clathrin-dependent LRP6 internalization occurred in the presence of LDL, which resulted in trafficking of LRP6 to the lysosome, thereby reducing apical sorting of LRP6 and NPC1L1. These results suggest that LRP6 endocytosis proceeds by two routes, depending on the presence of LDL, and that LRP6 controls the intracellular destination of NPC1L1 in hepatocytes.
Paranasal sinus tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms (with paranasal schwannomas being a rare subtype) that are often present with non-specific symptoms, such as nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial for optimal management. This study presents 2 cases of paranasal schwannomas, detailing their clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches. Both patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with successful tumor excision and had no significant complications or recurrences during follow-up. Diagnosis was based on a combination of clinical examination, radiological imaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), and histopathological confirmation with immunohistochemical staining. Treatment consisted primarily of endonasal resection, with consideration of frontal craniotomy if necessary. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of paranasal schwannomas and emphasizes the importance of early detection and treatment to improve patient outcomes.
