Recent genetic accounts of human variation treat the biological components of socially constructed racial groupings as differences in the frequencies of some genetic elements among geographically dispersed populations. This perspective provides a de-essentialized account of human biological diversity that should shift the stasis of the debates about affirmative action away from questions about innate human abilities and toward value issues.
TOWARD A GRAMMAR OF PASSAGES. By Richard M. Coe. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987; pp. xv + 123. Paper $8.50. WOMEN, FIRE, AND DANGEROUS THINGS. By George Lakoff. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987; pp. xviii + 614. $29.95. THE FOLKLORE TEXT: FROM PERFORMANCE TO PRINT. By Elizabeth C. Fine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984; xii + 244. $25.00. SUPERSTRUCTURALISM: THE PHILOSOPHY OF STRUCTURALISM AND POST‐STRUCTURALISM. By Richard Harland. London and New York: Methuen, 1987; pp. x + 213. $37.50; paper $10.95. MICHEL FOUCAULT: THE FREEDOM OF PHILOSOPHY. By John Rajchman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985; pp. 131. $12.50. QUINTILIAN ON THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING AND WRITING: TRANSLATIONS FROM BOOKS ONE, TWO, AND TEN OF THE INSTITUTIO ORATORIA. Edited by James J. Murphy. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987; pp. lii + 158. $16.95; paper $9.95. SELF‐KNOWLEDGE IN PLATO'S PHAEDRUS. By Charles L. Griswold, Jr. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986; pp. 315. $29.50. THE AFROCENTRIC IDEA. By Molefi Kete Asante. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1987; pp. vii & 217. $24.95. BEARING THE CROSS: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., AND THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE. By David L. Garrow. New York: Vintage Books, 1988; pp. 800 Paper $10.95. CONTESTED TRUTHS: KEYWORDS IN AMERICAN POLITICS SINCE INDEPENDENCE. By Daniel T. Rodgers. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1987; pp. x + 270. $19.95. THE CONSTITUTION, THE LAW, AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, 1787–1987. Edited by James Brewer Stewart. Foreword by Warren E. Burger. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987; pp. xiii + 109. $15.95. RECKLESS DISREGARD. By Renata Adler. New York: Knopf, 1986; pp. 243. $16.95. SUING THE PRESS; LIBEL, THE MEDIA, AND POWER. By Rodney A. Smolla. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986; pp. 277. $18.95. LIBEL LAW AND THE PRESS. By Randall P. Bezanson, Gilbert Cranberg, and John Soloski. New York: The Free Press, 1987; pp. 309. $40.00. AMERICAN ORATORS BEFORE 1900: CRITICAL STUDIES AND SOURCES. Edited by Bernard K. Duffy and Halford R. Ryan. New York, Westport, and London: Greenwood Press, 1987; pp. xix +481. $75.00. CHURCHILL'S RHETORIC AND POLITICAL DISCOURSE. By Manfred Weidhorn. Lan‐ham, MD: University Press of America, 1987; pp. xvii + 135. $24.75; paper $12.75. UNDER THE COPE OF HEAVEN: RELIGION, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS IN COLONIAL AMERICA. By Patricia U. Bonomi. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986; pp. ix + 291. $24.95. PIETY AND POLITICS: EVANGELICALS AND FUNDAMENTALISTS CONFRONT THE WORLD. Edited by Richard John Neuhaus and Michael Cromartie. Lanham, MD: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1987; pp. x + 424. $23.95; paper $12.95. A FRIENDLY COMPANION TO PLATO'S GORGIAS. By George Kimball Plochman and Franklin E. Robinson. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987; pp. xlv + 415. $49.95. THE LITERATE MODE OF CICERO'S LEGAL RHETORIC. By Richard Leo Enos. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987; pp. xiii + 127. $15.95. THE TRIAL OF SOCRATES. By I. F. Stone. Boston: Little, Brown, 1988; pp. xi + 282. $18.95. AUGUSTINE'S PHILOSOPHY OF MIND. By Gerard O'Daly. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987; pp. xii + 241. $35.00. THE SOUND OF LEADERSHIP: PRESIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION IN THE MODERN AGE. By Roderick P. Hart. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987; pp. xxiii + 277. $39.95; paper $14.95. THE RHETORICAL PRESIDENCY. By Jeffrey K. Tulis. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987; pp. vii + 209. $19.95.
<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> National guidelines endorse using evidence-based tools to identify those at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). This study aimed to evaluate whether women deemed not to be at increased risk of being a <i>BRCA</i> mutation carrier; the majority of those screened, recall, understand and accept the implications of these results for breast cancer risk. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted an online survey with women (<i>n</i> = 148) who screened negative on a brief HBOC screener. <b><i>Results:</i></b> While women tended to accept HBOC screener as accurate (range 9–45; mean 32, SD 5.0), less than half (43%) accurately recalled their result. Only 52% understood that they were at low risk of carrying a mutation, and just 34% correctly understood their breast cancer risk. African American women were less likely to recall (33 vs. 53% respectively, OR 0.5, <i>p</i> = 0.03), understand (42 vs. 63% respectively, OR 0.4, <i>p</i> = 0.02), and accept (mean 31 vs. 33 respectively, β –2.1, <i>p</i> = 0.02) the result compared to Whites. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our findings show that those at low risk of carrying a <i>BRCA1/2</i> mutation had limited understanding of the distinction between mutation risk and breast cancer risk. Theory-based communication strategies are needed to increase the understanding of the implications of being at low risk for hereditary cancers.
Because the relative influence of genetic and environmental components varies depending on the specific genes and environments under consideration and their specific interactions, debates over the relative importance of nature vs. nurture are misguided. Analysis of the concept of heritability indicates the failure of these statistical formulations to answer the “gene vs. environment”; question. Recent efforts to identify genetically based biological causes as the primary sources of individual variations in communication fall prey to these failures. In place of a “communibiological”; paradigm for communication, a multi‐causal model is suggested in order to attend to the complex and variable interactions among the many factors contributing to communication behaviors, including genes, gene products, physiological and environmental inputs, developmental processes, established biological structures, cognitive processes and inputs, cultural processes, social structural inputs, and codes.
In this chapter, fatalism is conceptualized as a set of health beliefs that encompass the dimensions of predetermination, luck, and pessimism. It is argued that such fatalistic beliefs can be extended from health issues to organizational context as well. A recently developed fatalism scale is assessed, as well as other existing instruments using three criteria: (a) item content, (b) associations among the items, and (c) associations between the items and external variables. Available empirical evidence shows that the new scale is uni-dimensional, and demonstrates good construct validity as well as scale reliability. Implications for procrastination are discussed.
(1989). Feminized Power and Adversarial Advocacy: Levelling Arguments or Analyzing Them? The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 226-230.
