Introduction. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx accounts for a significant percentage of all head and neck cancers. Aim. In this paper we determine the differences in magnetic resonance relaxation time (MRI) of water in cancerous and healthy larynx tissues. Material and methods. This study is aimed on T2 MRI modalities for monitoring morphology of larynx tissue. Results. Our results showed that T2 MRI relaxation time measured in larynx tissue can be used to assess early cancer condition of larynx tissues. The changes of T2 MRI correspond to tumor growth within normal tissue. Conclusion. The study showed potential of MRI for the non-invasive monitoring of larynx condition.
Introduction. Kidney cancer in the structure of registered cases was in 6th place in men and 8th in women. Aim. Understanding the molecular biology of renal cell carcinoma has made it possible to produce new diagnostic methods. Material and methods. This review was performed according to a systematic literature search. Results. Minimally invasive techniques seem to have a bright future in kidney cancer. However, they still require many clinical trials before they enter the general clinical use. Conclusion. Photodynamic therapy, thanks to research conducted in kidney cancer, will find application in cancer of other organs.
Introduction. Quantitative and accurate monitoring of tumor makes hyperpolarized carbon (13C) Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (MRI/S) a powerful tool for in vivo metabolic and structural study. Moreover, the studies of the properties and functions in tumor tissue of the compounds of carbon (C) that are organic, are fundamental to tumor biochemistry. Aim. To review 13C MR spectroscopy to study the absolute configuration of endogenous and polarized alanine Material and methods. An analysis of literature regarding 13C MR spectroscopy of polarized alanine. Results. Current evidence suggests that the determination of absolute configurations of amino acids play significant role in physiological mechanisms during tumor growth and treatment. Conclusions. Nearly 50% nuclear polarization for 13C can be achieved in various organic molecules when Dynamic Nuclear Polarization DNP is performed in a strong magnetic field and at cryogenic temperatures.
Introduction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) coils technology is a powerful improvement for clinical diagnostics. This includes opportunities for mathematical and physical research into coil design. Aim. Here we present the method applied to MRI coil array designs. Material and methods. Analysis of literature and self-research. Results. The coils that emit the radiofrequency pulses are designed similarly. As much as possible, they deliver the same strength of radiofrequency to all voxels within their imaging volume. Surface coils on the other hand are usually not embedded in cylindrical surfaces relatively close to the surface of the body. Conclusion. The presented here results relates to the art of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and RF coils design. It finds particular application of RF coils in conjunction with bore type MRI scanners.
Light has been used for medical purposes for centuries, but the first steps toward photodynamic therapy (PDT) were taken in the early 20th century. PDT is an innovative therapeutic approach that involves three key components: A photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen, and visible light. The destruction of diseased tissues and cells in PDT occurs through the activation of a PS by near-infrared or visible radiation. This activation, in the presence of molecular oxygen, generates singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. PDT has been successfully applied to treat various types of cancer, particularly superficial ones. This review outlines the principles of PDT and discusses its application in cancer treatment, specifically in the context of pancreatic and esophageal cancer. While PDT is effective, it can also have adverse effects on the human body, such as changes to cell and organelle membranes. PDT is a modern, non-invasive treatment modality utilized for both non-malignant conditions and also various types of tumors in diverse locations. Enhancing the efficacy of PDT and reducing its side effects may be possible by combining PSs with nanomaterials, which would also allow for targeted therapy to specific receptors. PDT is continuously being developed to improve its effectiveness, and ongoing studies aim to minimize unwanted side effects and identify contraindications for its use.
The alarming increase in the number of advanced-stage prostate cancer cases with poor prognosis has led to a search for innovative methods of treatment. In response to the need for implementation of new and innovative methods of cancer tissue therapy, we studied photodynamic action in excised prostate tissue in vitro as a model for photodynamic therapy. To ascertain the effects of photodynamic action in prostate tissue, Rose Bengal (0.01 to 0.05 mM) was used as a photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen and light to generate singlet oxygen in tissues in vitro. Five preset concentrations of Rose Bengal were chosen and injected into prostate tissue samples (60 samples with 12 replications for each RB concentration) that were subsequently exposed to 532 nm light. The effects of irradiation of the Rose Bengal infused tissue samples were determined by histopathological analysis. Histopathological examination of prostate samples subjected to photodynamic action revealed numerous changes in the morphology of the neoplastic cells and the surrounding tissues. We conclude that the morphological changes observed in the prostate cancer tissues were a result of the photogeneration of cytotoxic singlet oxygen. The tissue damage observed post photodynamic action offers an incentive for continued in vitro investigations and future in vivo clinical trials.
Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death around the globe. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory blood vessel disease that takes years to develop, is its primary cause. Instability and further plaque buildup are caused by chronic inflammation, which creates the conditions for possible rupture. The visualization of arterial lesions in situ can enhance understanding of atherosclerosis progression and potentially improve experimental therapies. Conventional histology methods for assessing atherosclerotic lesions are robust but are destructive and may prevent further tissue analysis. Objectives: The objective of the current study was to evaluate a novel, nondestructive method for the visualization and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions. Methods and Results: Thus, we tested the hypothesis that MRI paired with an iodine-based radiopaque stain would effectively characterize atherosclerotic plaques in a manner comparable to routine histology while maintaining sample integrity and providing whole-volume data.
Introduction. Multiple imaging methods have been used to stage prostate carcinoma. Some of them are easily accessible, others very accurate. The advancements over many years have been taken under consideration and now every imaging method has a specific role in the diagnosis of this malignancy. Aim. There are over 1,100,000 cases of prostate carcinoma diagnosed every year around the world. Imaging examinations have to be introduced to accurately stage, and therefore properly treat this disease. This review concentrates on advantages and disadvantages of different imaging methods. Material and methods. The literature search was performed. Results. Imaging methods serve specific goals. TRUS is recommended for acquiring biopsy specimen due to high accessibility and low cost of the examination. Conclusion. The best tool for staging prostate carcinoma and finding suspicious lesions when attempting second biopsy is mpMRI or bpMRI.
Takayasu disease belongs to the group of autoimmune vasculitis which most often affects the aorta and its branches. It is rare, and it mainly affects young women. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that Takayasu arteritis is being increasingly recognized in Europe. The first symptoms are non-specific and an early diagnosis is difficult and requires clinical awareness and suspicion. Patients with Takayasu arteritis often present increased inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, but systemic inflammatory response does not always show a positive correlation with inflammatory activity in the vessel wall. Therefore, imaging studies play a principal role in diagnosis and control of the disease. Glucocorticoids remain the most effective and serve as a cornerstone first line treatment. Immunosuppressive drugs play an important role as well, and biological therapy is increasingly being included in the treatment. This article describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics and treatment of this rare disease, so as to alert clinicians because disease left untreated can lead to narrowing and even closure of vital blood vessels. The most common Takayasu arteritis complications include pulmonary thrombosis, aortic regurgitation, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular events, vision degeneration or blindness, and hearing problems.
