Previous basin modelling of the Faroe–Shetland Basin (FSB, offshore UK) has suggested mid-Cretaceous petroleum generation, which predates the deposition of the working Paleogene reservoirs and traps. To justify the time discrepancy between generation, reservoir, and trap formation, factors such as intermediary accumulations and overpressure have been invoked. However, across much of the FSB, the Cretaceous sequences that overly the Kimmeridgian source rock are heavily intruded by Paleogene-aged intrusions. Recent modelling has shown that the emplacement of the intrusions, coupled with lower radiogenic heat production from underlying basement, leads to estimates of petroleum generation occurring up to 40 myr more recently than suggested by previous models. In this work, we seek to better understand the role that igneous intrusions have exerted on petroleum generation and migration in the FSB. Models with varying thicknesses of Paleogene intrusions are compared with those that consider the Cretaceous sequence as purely sedimentary (i.e. similar to assumptions in previous modelling). The estimated times of petroleum generation are compared with geochronological constraints on the ages of oils (i.e. c . 90–68 Ma) along with the deposition and formation of other petroleum system elements. By considering only the effect of igneous intrusions, the expulsion onset from the source rock is retarded by up to 12 myr. In addition, our models show the impact of the intrusions on petroleum saturation and migration, suggesting that intrusions have potentially compartmentalized the basin, trapping petroleum beneath or within the sill complex. Finally, our findings suggest that basin models in regions impacted by significant magmatism need to consider the impact of intrusions to more accurately constrain both petroleum generation and migration. Thematic collection: This article is part of the New learning from exploration and development in the UKCS Atlantic Margin collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/new-learning-from-exploration-and-development-in-the-ukcs-atlantic-margin
Northern Alaska is a prolific oil and gas province estimated to contain a significant proportion of the undiscovered oil and gas of the circum-Arctic. A three-dimensional petroleum system model was constructed with the aim of significantly improving the understanding of the generation, migration, accumulation, and loss of hydrocarbons in the region. This study provides a unique geologic perspective that will reduce exploration risk and assess the remaining potential hydrocarbon resources in this remote province. The present-day geometry is based on newly interpreted seismic data and a database of more than 400 wells. A key aspect of this model is an improved reconstruction of the progradation of the time-transgressive Cretaceous–Tertiary Brookian sequence and multiple erosion events in the Tertiary. The deposition of these overburden rocks controlled the timing of hydrocarbon generation in underlying source rocks and their principal migration from the Colville Basin northward to the Barrow Arch. The model provides a reconstruction of the complex and dynamic interplay of diachronous deposition and erosion and allows assessment of variations in migration behavior and prediction of the present-day petroleum distribution.
The Exmouth Sub-basin is part of the Northern Carnarvon Basin, offshore north-west Australia, and has undergone a complex tectonic history. Hydrocarbon exploration resulted in the discovery of a variety of oil and gas accumulations; however, their distribution and charge history from different petroleum systems is still poorly understood due to limited knowledge of the deeper basin architecture. The basin-wide, long-offset, broadband 2017 Exmouth 3D multiclient seismic dataset allowed a seamless interpretation into this deeper section. This work revealed new insights on the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Exmouth Sub-basin. Mesozoic extension, that was restricted to the latest Triassic, was followed by a sag phase with homogeneous, shale-dominated deposition, resulting in source rock potential for the entire Jurassic section. These findings, together with potential field modelling, were integrated into this first basin-wide 3D petroleum system model to better constrain the thermal history and petroleum systems. The model improved our understanding of the complex charge history of hydrocarbon fields. It predicts that hydrocarbon expulsion from Late Jurassic source rocks continued into the Late Cretaceous, a period when the regional Early Cretaceous Muderong Formation was an efficient seal rock. This implies that, in addition to long-distance, sub-Muderong migration, vertical, short-distance migration may have contributed significant petroleum charge to the discovered accumulations in the southern Exmouth Sub-basin. The model also predicts additional prospective areas: fault-seal structures within Early Cretaceous intervals north of the Novara Arch, intra-formational Late Jurassic sandstones north of the current fields (with low biodegradation risk) and Triassic reservoirs along the basin margins and north of the Jurassic depocentre.
Summary Understanding degree and timing of thermal maturation is critical for the evaluation of petroleum systems on hydrocarbon prospectivity. However, basin thermal history is one of the key uncertainties. Vitrinite reflectance is one of the most common measurements used to evaluate thermal maturity. We tested and calibrated different published and new vitrinite reflectance models to assess the impact on timing of maturity and hydrocarbon generation. We compared Easy%Ro, its update Easy%RoDL, and Basin%Ro using 1D basin and petroleum system modelling on several wells from the Alaska North Slope. In this study area, Basin%Ro and Easy%RoDL show significant improvements for calibration against vitrinite reflectance profiles that show the characteristic dogleg structure with different rates of increasing maturity. Based on these results, we recommend consideration of several vitrinite reflectance models for thermal calibration and their impact on degree and timing of maturity and the assignment of thermal boundary conditions. In particular, this is important for evaluation of timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion related to trap formation. It is not yet certain whether there is a universal algorithm for vitrinite reflectance maturation in humic kerogen and, if not, the relationship between depositional conditions and variations in the algorithm is unknown.