There is general agreement among scholars and policymakers that efforts to reduce smoking and prevent nicotine use should be intensified and focused on the most vulnerable part of society—adolescents. Regardless of common knowledge about the health consequences of smoking, according to data from 2020, about 51% of children in Poland had their first contact with smoking at the age of 15 and older. The objective of this research is to investigate motivations to start smoking or vaping, patterns of using tobacco products, perceptions of smoking/vaping and smokers/vapers, as well as attitudes toward nicotine addiction. The broad aim is to reflect on youth perceptions of nicotine use. A qualitative approach has been applied, utilising focus-group interviews. The sample included six focus groups, consisting of smokers and non-smokers of both genders, situated in three different cities in Poland. The interviewees were adolescents ages 16–18, attending high schools, technical schools, or vocational education. Interviews were transcribed and further analysed using the thematic analysis approach. This research enhances previously reported results by revealing new insights into the strategies applied by adolescents to mitigate financial barriers arising from high costs of nicotine products, as well as highlighting methods used to avoid the traditional antismoking messages placed on packaging.
W nowym numerze TRENDOW piszemy o kompetencjach kluczowych – informatycznych, matematycznych, technicznych, umiejetności uczenia sie, innowacyjności i przedsiebiorczości. W kwietniu 2017 r. zastanowimy sie nad tym, jak ksztaltowac pozostale – umiejetnośc porozumiewania sie w jezyku ojczystymi obcym, kompetencje spoleczne i obywatelskie, świadomośc i ekspresje kulturalną. Kompetencje kluczowe to kompetencje, ktore wspierają rozwoj osobisty, wlączanie w zycie spoleczne, aktywne obywatelstwoi mozliwośc znalezienia zatrudnienia. Proces ksztaltowania i rozwijaniaw sobie kompetencji kluczowych trwa przez cale zycie i nigdy sie niekonczy. Autorzy artykulow w tym numerze udowadniają, ze ksztaltowanie kompetencji kluczowych nie jest trudne – to codziennośc i staly element pracy w szkolach.
Publikacja powstala w wyniku wspolpracy Pedagogicznej Biblioteki Wojewodzkiej im. H. Kollątaja w Krakowie i Instytutu Nauk o Informacji Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie.
reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -Articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -Papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Tobacco Industry Monitoring Letters -brief articles on tobacco industry tactics.
The methods of preservation of the material for corneal grafting are developing already for many years. The method of conservation of the corneae is closely connected with the way of the collection of the material: the whole globe or only the cornea with a 2-3 mm strip of the sclera. The whole globe is put into a moisture chamber, instead the cornea with a strip of sclera is preserved in various preservation fluids.
