C. E. Ezra

Agricultural Research Service

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Ray D. Jackson

Natural Resources Conservation Service

James M. Palmer

University of Arizona

M. Dinguirard

Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales

C. J. Kastner

University of Arizona

Kenneth R. Castle

Optica

Philip N. Slater

University of Arizona

R. Savage

Jensen Hughes (United States)

Ronald G. Holm

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

L. R. Tinney

Analysis Group (United States)

Paul J. Pinter

Agricultural Research Service

Cooperative Institutions

Agricultural Research Service

University of Arizona

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Goddard Space Flight Center

United States Department of Agriculture

University of California, Santa Barbara

Optical Sciences (United States)

National Technical Information Service

Cropping Systems Research Laboratory

Ames Research Center

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The feasibility of thermal inertia mapping for detection of perched water tables in semi-arid irrigated lands

C. E. Ezra J. E. Estes F. Bonn

The thermal inertia mapping remote sensing technique is evaluated as a potential method for delineating areas of shallow perched water tables and related salinization problems on a regional basis. This method for detecting shallow water tables is based on the existence of significant differences in soil thermal properties between wet and dry soil profiles. Ground observations were conducted at two different test sites in California along the flight line, with one site located in a perched water table area and the other site in a well drained area. Measurements were taken hourly during a four day period (two days before and two days after the flight) for variables such as radiometric, meteorologic, soil moisture and temperature profiles, and surface characteristics. Results indicate that it is not feasible using present apparent thermal inertia remote sensing techniques to reliably delineate regional patterns of very shallow water tables due to the complex environmental system. However, some features within specific fields which may be directly related to the local presence of shallow water tables, such as differences in evaporative cooling due to soil moisture effects between and within fields, can be detected using the thermal inertia technique.

Thermal inertia

Table (database)

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Sun-angle and canopy-architecture effects on the spectral reflectance of six wheat cultivars

International Journal of Remote Sensing (1985)

Paul J. Pinter Ray D. Jackson C. E. Ezra H. W. Gausman

Abstract Canopy spectral reflectances were measured over six cultivars of spring wheat (Trticum aestivum L.) grown at Phoenix, Arizona. Data were collected at 30-45 min intervals on 9 March 1983 using two ground-based radiometers with bandpass characteristics similar to those of the Muttispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper on LANDSAT-4 and -5. Major differences in reflectance were observed among cultivars at every time period despite their apparent similarities in green leaf area and green biomass. Single-leaf spectra measured in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer revealed no cultivar-related differences and supported the contention that the reflectances were strongly influenced by canopy architectural features. The diurnal patterns of reflectance reinforced this conclusion with planophile canopies exhibiting the least amount of variability due to changes in Sun angle and erectophile canopies showing the most. These data underscore the complexities of interpreting remotely sensed multispectral data and suggest that multiple Sun-angle data acquisitions may be required to extract desired information.

Thematic Mapper

Multispectral Scanner

10.1080/01431168508948330

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Citations (109)

In-progress Absolute Radiometric Inflight Calibration of the LANDSAT-4 Sensors. [New Mexico]

Kenneth R. Castle M. Dinguirard C. E. Ezra Ronald G. Holm Ray D. Jackson

Radiometric Calibration

Radiometric dating

Radiometry

Absolute (philosophy)

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Spectral response of cotton to suddenly induced water stress

International Journal of Remote Sensing (1985)

Ray D. Jackson C. E. Ezra

Abstract Spectral responses in eight wavebands (three visible, two near-IR, two mid-IR, and one thermal IR) were measured by repetitively traversing a radiometer over several rows of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). After an initial measurement, the stems of one row (which had previously been tied to wooden dowels) were cut at a point just above the soil. The subsequent dessication of plants within this row was followed by comparing its reflectance and emittance with a control row. All wavebands measured reacted rapidly to stress with the visible and thermal IR showing a larger change than the near-IR. Reflectance changes caused by canopy geometry changes were apparently greater than those caused by leaf physiological and anatomical changes in all but the visible red band. The increase in red reflectance was attributed to a rapid decrease in absorptance by leaf chloroplasts. As expected, the radiometrically determined plant temperatures increased with time after the stress was imposed.

Absorptance

Water Stress

Albedo (alchemy)

10.1080/01431168508948433

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Citations (101)

In-progress Absolute Radiometric Inflight Calibration of the LANDSAT-4 Sensors

Kenneth R. Castle M. Dinguirard C. E. Ezra Ronald G. Holm Ray D. Jackson

Using selected instrumented areas at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico as reference, radiometric calibration is to be effected on the sensors of LANDSAT 4, particularly the thematic mapper. Optical measurements made during a TM overpass are discussed. The radiances of selected large ground areas are measured in the spectral bandpasses of the TM; the total optical thickness of the atmosphere is measured in nine narrow spectral intervals. Ground truth in the form of reflectances collected for the alkalai flat region of gypsum and for the snow at White Sands is described.

Thematic Mapper

Radiometric Calibration

Radiometric dating

Radiometry

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Remote sensing and GIS (geographic information system) technology for wildlife habitat assessment

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (1988)

H.E. Mackey C. E. Ezra

A geographic information system (GIS) data base was prepared for 217 square kilometers of the Savannah River Plant (SRP). Since 1952, these facilities have released once-through cooling water into several streams and lakes which eventually discharge into the Savannah River. The thermal effluents have altered wetland vegetation along the stream channel floodplains and in the SRP portion of the Savannah River swamp. Two large cooling reservoirs were constructed to reduce these effects. Terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitat studies were conducted as part of the Final Environmental Impact Statement prepared for several cooling system alternatives. This paper addresses the use of a GIS data base and other remote sensing data in support of habitat assessments for these alternatives using the US Fish and Wildlife Service Habitat Evaluation Procedures. 9 refs.

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Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) assessment for thermal mitigation alternatives for C and K reactors

H.E. Mackey Chad Davis Lori Price W. Fay C. E. Ezra

The potential effects on wildlife of the implementation of thermal mitigation alternatives for C and K reactors were evaluated using Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) developed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and modified by the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) for the Savannah River Plant (SRP) environment. These procedures allow for the relative ranking of project alternatives and/or mitigation with respect to representative wildlife species over the life of the project or for selected time periods in the future. The Department of Energy-Savannah River was requested by the FWS to provide a HEP analysis for the cooling water alternatives for C and K reactors during the comment period on the Draft Thermal Mitigation Environment Impact Statement, Alternative Cooling Water Systems (DOE, 1986). For C and K reactors the potential wildlife impacts and/or benefits of once-through and recirculating cooling towers were evaluated for both near-term (30-year) and long-term (100-year) time periods.

Savannah River Site

Environmental impact statement

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In-progress absolute radiometric inflight calibration of the LANDSAT-4 sensors

Kenneth R. Castle M. Dinguirard C. E. Ezra Ronald G. Holm R. J. Jackson

An approach is described for providing periodic inflight absolute radiometric calibrations of the LANDSAT-4 sensors by reference to selected, instrumented ground areas. Results of some early ground measurements and computer simulations are presented. Selection of a suitable ground reference site, accurate measurement of the spectral reflectance of the selected area, determination of atmospheric characteristics during the morning of the sensor overpass, reduction of the measured data and their use in an appropriate atmospheric radiative transfer program, and comparison of the radiance level data with the digital counts of for the images of the selected areas are discussed. Preliminary measurements of gypsum are being made as an aid in defining the characteristics of field equipment to be constructed and calibrated for use over the White Sands Missile Range.

Radiometric Calibration

Radiometry

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Image analysis for facility siting: a comparison of low- and high-altitude image interpretability for land use/land cover mapping

H. M. Borella J. E. Estes C. E. Ezra Joseph Scepan L. R. Tinney

This study documents for two test sites in pennsylvania the interpretability of commercially acquired low-altitude and existing high-altitude aerial photography in terms of time, costs, and accuracy for Anderson Level II land use/land cover mapping. Information extracted from the imagery is to be used in the evaluation process for siting energy facilities. Land use/land cover maps were drawn at 1:24,000 scale using commerically flown color infrared photography. Maps at 1:62,500 scale were made using existing high-altitude photography obtained from the Unied States Geological Surveys; EROS Data Center. The USGS-developed Anderson classification scheme (Level II) was used. Detailed accuracy of the maps generated by manual image analysis was assessed by employing a stratified unaligned sampling procedure with additional samples selected and analyzed to insure adequate class representation. Both area weighted and by class accuracies were documented and field-verified. A discrepancy map was also drawn to illustrate differences in classifications between the two map scales. Map accuracy statistics as well as figures on production costs and the time needed to compile the two map sets were compiled and tabulated. Results show that the 1:24,000 scale map set was more accurate (99% to 94% area weighted) than the 1:62,500 scale set, especially when sampled by class (96% to 66%). The 1:24,000 scale maps were also more time-consuming and costly to produce, due mainly to higher image acquisition costs.

Land Cover

Aerial photography

Interpretability

Data set

10.2172/6565521

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Effects of panicles on infrared thermometer measurements of canopy temperature in wheat

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (1984)

Jerry L. Hatfield Paul J. Pinter E Chasseray C. E. Ezra R. J. Reginato

Panicle

10.1016/0168-1923(84)90080-7

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Citations (40)