Abstract Liver serves as a hub for key metabolic pathways such as folate cycle that provides one-carbon units for a network of metabolic reactions. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a rate limiting enzyme in folate metabolism and thus it is vital for DNA methylation, synthesis and repair [1]. The objective of this study was to evaluate an eventual association between MTHFR polymorphisms C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) and the susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egyptian population. Blood samples from patients and controls from Mansoura university hospital were used after signed consent and approval from Medical ethical committee. The two genetic loci were designed for amplification and genotyped by using PCR–RFLP. Our results clarify that, the most important predictors for HCC are T/T genotype of variant C677T and C/C genotype of variant (A1298C) with odds ratio 3.28 and 2.99 respectively. Also, MTHFR variant C677T genotype C/C or T/T combined with MTHFR variant A1298C genotype C/C were associated with an increased risk of HCC, with the OR, 2.6 and 7 respectively. CT genotype of MTHFR variant C677T showed significant difference between HCC grades and C allele of variant C677T showed significant difference in BCLC stages of HCC. Our data indicates that, the two variants (C677T and A1298C) constitute a risk factor for the development of HCC and this could be attributed to the low activities of the enzyme MTHFR that disturb one carbon metabolism and subsequently, DNA synthesis, repair and methylation, thus cellular redox state, growth, and proliferation.
Abstract Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women. This study was designed to investigate the associations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene variants with PCOS risk and the severity of the disease phenotype among Egyptian women. Methods In this study, 185 women with PCOS and 207 fertile women as controls were recruited. Cases were divided into phenotype groups based on their clinical and paraclinical features. Clinical and laboratory data were measured in the patient and control groups. All individuals were genotyped for nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located across the VDR gene using Taq Man allelic discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Women with PCOS were significantly ( P ≤ 0.001) higher body mass index (BMI) (22.77 ± 2.5) than controls (21.68 ± 1.85 kg/m 2 ). Women with PCOS had significantly higher anti-Mullerian hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), free testosterone, total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels than the control group ( P ≤ 0.001). The level of FSH was significantly lower in women with PCOS than in the control group ( P ≤ 0.001). Analysis of the VDR rs4516035, rs2107301, rs1544410 (BsmI), and rs731236 (TaqI) SNPs showed a significant association with PCOS phenotype A. Furthermore, rs2228570 (FokI), rs3782905, rs7975232 (ApaI), and rs739837 SNPs showed a significant association with PCOS phenotype C. Furthermore, rs11568820 SNP showed a significant association with PCOS phenotype D ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that variations in the VDR gene were associated with an increased risk of PCOS in Egyptian women.
Objectives: The current work was designed to study the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on glucose homeostasis, liver functions and hemostatic disturbances in a rat model of bilateral orchidectomy (ORCH). Methods: 32 male rats (n = 8) were randomly assigned into 4 groups; (i) control (sham operated) group; were normal rats in which all surgical procedures were done without ORCH, (ii) Control + DHEA group: as control group but rats were treated with DHEA for 12 weeks, (iii) orchiectomized (ORCH) group: rats had bilateral orchidectomy and (iv) ORCH + DHEA group: orchiectomized rats treated with DHEA for 12 weeks. Four weeks after ORCH, DHEA treatment began and lasted for twelve weeks. By the end of the experiment, the parameters of glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, liver enzymes, bleeding and clotting times (B.T. and C.T.), prothrombin time (P.T.), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet count and aggregation, von-Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), fibrin degradation products (FDP), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), endothelin-1 were measured. Results: ORCH caused significant deteriorations in the parameters of glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and liver functions (p < 0.05). In addition, lower androgenicity-induced by ORCH caused a significant rise in PAI-1, fibrinogen, FDPs, ET-1 (p < 0.01) with significant shortening of bleeding and clotting times. DHEA replacement therapy significantly decreased glucose, insulin, PAI-1, fibrinogen, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 when compared to ORCH rats. Conclusion: DHEA ameliorated the metabolic, hepatic, hypercoagulable, and hypofibrinolysis disturbances induced by ORCH.
The Pi-class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play pivotal roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics, carcinogenesis and drug resistance. The mechanisms of regulation of these genes during drug induction and carcinogenesis are yet to be elucidated. Recently, Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2; a bZip-type transcription factor) knockout mice were shown to display impaired induction of Pi-class GST genes by drugs. It is known that the mouse Pi-class GST gene GST-P1 is expressed predominantly in the male liver, and is regulated by androgen. To determine whether Nrf2 and the androgen receptor regulate GST-P1 directly, we analysed the molecular mechanism of activation of this gene by these factors. The promoter of the GST-P1 gene was activated markedly by Nrf2 in transient transfection analyses. Gel mobility shift assay and footprinting analyses revealed three Nrf2 binding sites: one at the proximal and two at distal elements, located at positions -59, -915 and -937 from the cap site. The fifth intron of the GST-P1 gene contains the androgen-responsive region. Multiple androgen receptor binding sites are clustered within a 500 bp region of this intron. The whole fragment contains a minimum of seven androgen receptor binding sites, which collectively display strong androgen-dependent enhancer activity. However, on division into small fragments containing two or three elements each, individual enhancer activities were dramatically decreased. This suggests that multiple elements work synergistically as a strong androgen-responsive enhancer. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 and the androgen receptor directly bind to and activate the mouse GST-P1 gene.
Background and Aim: The human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)gene plays a crucial role in folate metabolism. Data regarding the influence ofMTHFR gene polymorphisms on male fertility status are conflicting. The presentstudy aimed to investigate the possible role of genetic variants of the MTHFR 677C→T and 1298 A→C and the seminal plasma levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM),S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in male infertility. Patients & Methods: The presentstudy included 229 men attending the Andrology Outpatient Clinic, MansouraUniversity Hospital. The semen samples obtained from men were grouped accordingto the profile of seminogram into normozoospermic (N), oligoathenoteratozoospermia(OAT) and azoospermia (AZ). Spermatozoa were separated and the purifiedspermatozoa were used for assessment of acrosine activity by gelatinolysis. HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography equipped with a reversed-phase column-C18,and UV detector at 254 nm was used to separate SAM and SAH. Genomic DNA wasisolated from peripheral blood leukocytes by Genta genomic DNA purification kit.MTHFR 677 C→T and 1298 A→C polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR,restriction enzymes and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The results of thecurrent study showed that SAM, SAM/SAH ratio and acrosine activity index to besignificantly decreased in OAT and AZ compared with normozoospermia. MTHR1298AA and 677CC genotypes frequency was significantly higher in OAT and AZgroups when compared to N group..Also, SAH were significantly increased in MTHR1298AA and 677CC genotypes. Conclusion: The polymorphisms in the MTHRA1298C and C677T gene were associated with abnormal sperm function, morphologyand motility. Carrier of 1298AA and 677CC genotypes had higher level of SAH. Itcould be concluded that methionine metabolism is abnormal in infertile men denotedby impaired SAM and SAH levels. Further studies may be of benefit for new strategiesin therapy for male infertility.
Vitamin D derivatives and their receptor (VDR) are immune-response modulators in many diseases including malignancies, metabolic conditions, and infections. We hypothesized that one or more variants of
Cypermethrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, is widely used in pest control programmes in agriculture and public health. This study aimed to assess the potential effect of cypermethrin on human spermatozoa and the possible ameliorative effects of vitamins C and E. Semen samples of 20 healthy normozoospermic men were divided into six aliquots at room temperature. The first aliquot served as control not exposed to treatments, and the second was incubated with 20 mm vit. C and 2 mm vit. E where the third one was exposed to 10 μm cypermethrin for 6 h. The other three aliquots were incubated with vit. C, vit. E and both vitamins for 30 min before cypermethrin exposure. Semen aliquots were analysed for sperm motility, sperm viability, hypo-osmotic swelling test and modified alkaline comet assay. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in sperm motion, sperm function and increased sperm DNA damage in the cypermethrin group. Addition of vitamins C and E alone/combined led to significant improvement in sperm motion, sperm function and DNA damage, being maximal with both vitamins together. It is concluded that in vitro cypermethrin can alter sperm function and induce DNA damage in spermatozoa, which is improved after using vitamins C and E.