Species richness (number of species) of the butterfly community in the Gwangneung forest, Korea, was estimated using data of the long-term butterfly monitoring, which had been carried out 291 times in the Korea National Arboretum or forest area of Gwangneung from 1998 to 2008. Abundance of each butterfly species was monitored using the line-transact method. In the present study, 13,333 butterflies belonging to 112 species were observed. Species accumulation curve and species richness was obtained using a software, EstimateS. The species accumulation curve shows an increase tendency even at 291 survey times, implying the possibility of the presence of a few unfound species. However, values of species richness estimated by the seven estimators were stabilized around 240-250 survey times. Species richness estimated by the estimators ranged from 120 species to 141 species with 128 species in average. However, the figure estimated by the previous studies since 1958 was 148 species. We estimated the reasonable scale of species richness on the base of recent analysis on the change of butterfly species. Species richness of the Korea National Arboretum was higher than that of natural forest and of plantation. However, species richness of butterfly was not different between natural forest and plantation. It is likely that increase of grasslands and habitat diversity in arboretum led to the increase of species richness of butterfly community.
Biological control of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) with new indigenous natural enemy (Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto)) was carried out on tropical plant (Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook)) from May to July in 2013. Control experiments were conducted at Tropical Plant Resources Research Center of Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea. Chrysoperla nipponensis was released once (20 larvae/㎡) to control Pseudococcus comstocki on 11st May in 2013. We investigated the density of leaf-feeding P. comstocki at intervals of approximately 7 days after introducing their natural enemy, C. nipponensis. The densities of P. comstocki were suppressed 22.4% (after 4 weeks) and 8.2% (after 6 weeks) after introducing C. nipponensis.
A survey to investigate the inhabitation of Callipogon relictus Semenov and evaluate the population of the species in the Gwangneung Forest was conducted during last seven years. During the study, a female was observed in the forest in 2006 which confirmed a possibility of the inhabitation with a small population. Fortunately, a ovipositing female was observed in the forest during this study period in 2006. The female laid more than 20 eggs singly in the crack of bark of the Carpinus laxiflora Blume. We collated the all available data for the species with the present study including the previous reports to provide the information for the conservation plan. It will be needed the long term monitoring and various efforts for the conservation of the species will be need hereafter.
In order to find phenological change of butterflies due to global warming, we analyzed weekly monitoring data of butterfly at Gwangneung forest in 1958 and 2004. It was tested whether the timing of first flight and mean flight of butterflies in 2004 became earlier due to global warming compared with those in 1958 and whether the duration of flight period became longer. No significant difference was found in timing of first flight and in duration of flight period between 1958 and 2004. Furthermore, species showing delayed timing of mean flight was more abundant than species showing earlier timing of mean flight. Hence, the results do not confirm the predicted changes of phenology due to global warming. We discussed reasons on the non-apparent phenological changes despite the increase of temperature, and the problems and solutions in butterfly study on Korean butterfly fauna in utilization of butterflies as indicator for global warming.
This study was conducted to elucidate the patterns of occurrence of bark beetles on deadwoods of Quercus serrata Fisher and Carpinus laxiflora Blume which are expected to increase due to climate change. The survey was carried out at the LTER site in Gwangneung forest in Gyeonggi Province in 2007-2008. Bark beetles were collected using emergence traps and attraction traps (funnel trap and window trap). A total of 408 beetles belonging to 12 species in two subfamilies were collected. Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) was the most abundant species. P. koryoensis and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) occurred mainly in deadwoods of Q. serrata. All other species, except two rare species, occurred commonly in deadwood of both tree species. Species richness and abundance of bark beetles were higher in the attraction traps than in the emergence traps, and higher in Q. serrata than in C. laxiflora. These indexes were higher in classes Ⅰ-Ⅱ or Ⅰ-Ⅲ than in classes Ⅲ-Ⅳ or Ⅳ of deadwood. Bark beetle communities differed according to years and showed a little difference between tree species.
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