Three housing types for neonatal dairy calves were compared on a commercial 1500-cow dairy in central California. Three types of housing were: 2.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 m wooden hutch; 2.0 × 1.0 × 1.3 m thermolded opaque polymer hutch with an outdoor pen 1.4 × 1.8; and 2.0 × 1A × 1.3 m molded opaque polyethylene hutch with an outdoor pen 1.7 × 1.5 m. Effects of type of housing on grain intake, growth, stress indices, and health from birth through 6 wk of age were studied from August through October. Results from 29 Holstein heifer calves showed no differences (P>0.05) in grain intake and average daily gain regardless of housing type. Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit showed no (P>0.05) housing effects and were within normal ranges. The stress parameters of cortisol and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio showed temporal effects (P<0.01) but not a housing effect.
Objectives of this study were to test whether type of mineral source fed after calving (0 to 70 DIM) could improve quality of in vivo produced embryos from superovulated dairy cows. Postpartum Holstein cows (n = 82) received the same basic TMR (NRC 2001) composed (DM kg/d) of alfalfa hay (3.6), corn silage (3.2), haylage (1.4), wheat silage (1.5), flaked corn (4.4), canola meal (2.7), distillers' (1.7), almond hulls (2.7), corn gluten feed (2.0), EnergII (0.1), and mineral source (0.6). Animals were blocked by parity and calving date and randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments differing only in type of supplemented mineral source, as follows: 1) hydroxy (HYD) (hydroxyl sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn) and 2) combination (COM) (sulfate sources of Mn, hydroxyl sources of Cu, and 75% zinc sulfate/25% organic Zn). Data was analyzed with the PROC GLIMMIX of SAS and cows were treated as a random experimental unit. Cows were superovulated with a modified 5-d double Ovsynch protocol associated with 400 mg/cow of FSH (Folltropin), and uterine content was flushed 6 d after synchronized ovulations. A single batch of FSH and frozen semen from a single sire (15 × 106 sptz/straw from Select Sires Inc.) were used to minimize variation due to FSH batch and service sire. In addition, a single treatment-blinded technician graded all embryos. There were no overall differences between groups in CL number, fertilization efficiency, or production of transferable embryos. Surprisingly, HYD supplementation significantly reduced the proportion of degenerated embryos in relation to all structures (HYD = 27.3 ± 4.5 vs. COM = 44.4 ± 6.2; P = 0.03) or fertilized structures (HYD = 34.8 ± 5.7 vs. COM = 52.2 ± 6.9; P = 0.04). In addition, further analysis indicated that HYD increased the proportion of cows that yielded more than 80% of good quality, freezable embryos (HYD = 32.4% vs. COM = 16.6%; P = 0.04). These results were unrelated to level of milk production and/or parity number of the superovulated cow. Also, conception results after transferring HYD (59.2%; n = 71) or COM (56.4%; n = 55) embryos to Holstein recipient heifers did not differ (P = 0.72). In conclusion, these findings support the hypothesis that feeding hydroxy minerals can improve embryo quality in postpartum dairy cows. Future research is needed to explore a possible positive impact of hydroxy mineral supplementation on conception results of artificially inseminated cows.