Deming Tang

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

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Huaiqi Jing

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

Shuai Qin

Zhejiang University

Zhaokai He

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

Junrong Liang

Xiamen University

Ran Duan

Gilead Sciences (United States)

Weiwei Wu

Sichuan University

Haonan Han

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

Jinxiao Xi

Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Dongyue Lv

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

Xin Wang

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

Cooperative Institutions

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College

State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control

Inner Mongolia Comprehensive Disease Prevention and Control Center

Center for Disease Control

Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention

Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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Maternal F1 antibodies and cytokines in mother-neonate dog pairs in the Marmota himalayana plague focus

Heliyon (2025)

Deming Tang Asaiti Bukai Shuai Qin Ran Duan Dongyue Lyu

plague

10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42336

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Citations (0)

Plague Outbreak of a Marmota himalayana Family Emerging from Hibernation

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (2022)

Deming Tang Ran Duan Yuhuang Chen Junrong Liang Xiaojin Zheng

In April 2021, a plague outbreak was identified within one Marmota himalayana family shortly after emerging from hibernation, during plague surveillance in the M. himalayana plague foci of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A total of five marmots were found dead of Yersinia pestis near the same burrow; one live marmot was positive of Y. pestis fraction 1 (F1) antibody. Comparative genome analysis shows that few single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected among the nine strains, indicating the same origin of the outbreak. The survived marmot shows a high titer of F1 antibody, higher than the mean titer of all marmots during the 2021 monitoring period (W = 391.00, Z = 2.81, p < 0.01). Marmots live with Y. pestis during hibernation when the pathogen is inhibited by hypothermia. But they wake up during or just after hibernation with body temperature rising to 37°C, when Y. pestis goes through optimal growth temperature, increases virulence, and causes death in marmots. A previous report has shown human plague cases caused by excavating marmots during winter; combined, this study shows the high risk of hibernation marmot carrying Y. pestis. This analysis provides new insights into the transmission of the highly virulent Y. pestis in M. himalayana plague foci and drives further effort upon plague control during hibernation.

Marmot

plague

Hibernation

Yersinia pestis

10.1089/vbz.2022.0010

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Citations (8)

Pasteurella multocida strains of a novel capsular serotype and lethal to Marmota himalayana on Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China

International Journal of Medical Microbiology (2024)

Ran Duan Dongyue Lyu Shuai Qin Junrong Liang Wenpeng Gu

Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic pathogen causing serious diseases in humans and animals. Here, we report P. multocida from wildlife on China's Qinghai-Tibet plateau with a novel capsular serotype, forming a single branch on the core-genome phylogenetic tree: four strains isolated from dead Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) and one genome assembled from metagenomic sequencing of a dead Woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus). Four of the strains were identified as subspecies multocida and one was septica. The mouse model showed that the challenge strain killed mice within 24 h at an infectious dose of less than 300 bacteria. The short disease course is comparable to septicemic plague: the host has died before more severe pathological changes could take place. Though pathological changes were relatively mild, cytokine storm was obvious with a significant rise of IL-12p70, IL-6, TNF-αand IL-10 (P < 0.05). Our findings suggested P. multocida is a lethal pathogen for wildlife on Qinghai-Tibet plateau, in addition to Yersinia pestis. Individuals residing within the M. himalayana plague focus are at risk for P. multocida infection, and public health warnings are necessitated.

Yersinia pestis

10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151597

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Epidemiological Characteristics of Human and Animal Plague in Yunnan Province, China, 1950 to 2020

Microbiology Spectrum (2022)

Haonan Han Yun Liang Zhizhong Song Zhaokai He Ran Duan

This study analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of 3,464 human plague cases and the distribution pattern of 4,968 Yersinia pestis isolates from humans, hosts, and vector insects from 1950 to 2020 among two natural plague foci in Yunnan Province, China. These foci include the Rattus flavipectus plague focus of the Yunnan, Guangdong, and Fujian provinces and the Apodemus chevrieri-Eothenomys miletus plague focus of the highlands of northwestern Yunnan Province. The case fatality rate for plague in humans was 18.39% (637/3,464), and the total isolation rate of Y. pestis was 0.17% (4,968/2,975,288). Despite that the frequency of human cases declined rapidly, the animal plague fluctuated greatly, alternating between activity and inactivity in these foci. The tendency among human cases can be divided into 4 stages, 1950 to 1955, 1956 to 1989, 1990 to 2005, and 2006 to 2020. Bubonic plague accounted for the majority of cases in Yunnan, where pneumonic and septicemic plague rarely occurred. The natural plague foci have been in a relatively active state due to the stability of local ecology. Dense human population and frequent contact with host animals contribute to the high risk of human infection. This study systematically analyzed the epidemic pattern of human plague and the distribution characteristics of Y. pestis in the natural plague foci in Yunnan, providing a scientific basis for further development and adjustment of plague prevention and control strategies. IMPORTANCE Yunnan is the origin of the third plague pandemic. The analysis of human and animal plague characteristics of plague foci in Yunnan enlightens the prevention and control of the next plague pandemics. The plague characteristics of Yunnan show that human plague occurred when animal plague reached a certain scale, and strengthened surveillance of animal plague and reducing the density of host animals and transmission vectors contribute to the prevention and control of human plague outbreaks. The phenomenon of alternation between the resting period and active period of plague foci in Yunnan further proves the endogenous preservation mechanism of plague.

plague

Yersinia pestis

Case fatality rate

10.1128/spectrum.01662-22

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Citations (10)

The Complex Genomic Diversity of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> on the Long-Term Plague Foci in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

SSRN Electronic Journal (2022)

Xin Wang Junrong Liang Ran Duan Shuai Qin Dongyue Lv

Yersinia pestis , the bacterial causative agent of plague, remains an important threat to human health. Here we conducted genomic population and phylogenetic analyses using the nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 626 global whole-genome sequencing data to reconstruct the evolutionary history and correlation between the genetic groups and plague foci. The phylogeographic diversity of Y. pestis in different kinds plague foci in China showed host niches adaptation. Most natural plague foci strains are region-and focus-specific, with one main cluster except for that of the Marmota himalayana plague focus of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau (MHPF). The strains from MHPF scattered into 10 lineages, with several isolates scattered in multiple populations over ancestral branch. The average phylogenetic diversity among isolates was greater in MHPF than other plague foci. It has the largest pan-genome and widest SNP distances with most accessory genes enriched in mobilome functions (prophages, transposons).

Yersinia pestis

plague

10.2139/ssrn.4111960

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Relationship Between Climate Change and Marmot Plague of <i>Marmota himalayana</i> Plague Focus — the Altun Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China, 2000–2022

Deleted Journal (2024)

Qun Duan Xiaojin Zheng Zhiqiang Gan Dongyue Lyu Hanyu Sha

Introduction Plague is a zoonotic disease that occurs naturally in specific geographic areas. Climate change can influence the populations of the plague host or vector, leading to variations in the occurrence and epidemiology of plague in animals. Methods In this study, we collected meteorological and plague epidemiological data from the Marmota himalayana plague focus in the Altun Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The data spanned from 2000 to 2022. We describe the climatic factors and plague epidemic conditions and we describe their analysis by Pearson’s correlation. Results During the period from 2000 to 2022, the isolation rates of Yersinia pestis (Y.pestis) from marmots and fleas were 9.27% (451/4,864) and 7.17% (118/1,646), respectively. Additionally, we observed a positive rate of F1 antibody of 11.25% (443/3,937) in marmots and 18.16% (142/782) in dogs. With regards to climate, there was little variation, and a decreasing trend in blowing-sand days was observed. The temperature in the previous year showed a negative correlation with the Y. pestis isolation rate in marmots (r=−0.555, P=0.011) and the positive rate of F1 antibody in marmots (r=−0.552, P=0.012) in the current year. The average annual precipitation in the previous two years showed a positive correlation with marmot density (r=0.514, P=0.024), while blowing-sand days showed a negative correlation with marmot density (r=−0.701, P=0.001). Furthermore, the average annual precipitation in the previous three years showed a positive correlation with the isolation rate of Y. pestis from marmots (r=0.666, P=0.003), and blowing-sand days showed a negative correlation with marmot density (r=−0.597, P=0.009). Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that there is a hysteresis effect of climate change on the prevalence of plague. Therefore, monitoring climate conditions can offer significant insights for implementing timely preventive and control measures to combat plague epidemics.

Marmot

plague

Yersinia pestis

Positive correlation

Negative correlation

10.46234/ccdcw2024.015

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Citations (0)

The complex genomic diversity of Yersinia pestis on the long‐term plague foci in Qinghai–Tibet plateau

Ecology and Evolution (2023)

Junrong Liang Ran Duan Shuai Qin Dongyue Lv Zhaokai He

Plague is a typical natural focus disease that circulates in different ecology of vectors and reservoir hosts. We conducted genomic population and phylogenetic analyses of the

Yersinia pestis

plague

10.1002/ece3.10387

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Citations (1)

First Case Report of Human Plague Caused by Excavation, Skinning, and Eating of a Hibernating Marmot (Marmota himalayana)

Frontiers in Public Health (2022)

Jinxiao Xi Ran Duan Zhaokai He Lei Meng Daqin Xu

Introduction The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is considered the most plague-heavy region in China, and skinning and eating marmots ( Marmota himalayana ) are understood to be the main exposure factors to plague. Yersinia pestis is relatively inactive during marmots' hibernation period. However, this case report shows plague infection risk is not reduced but rather increased during the marmot hibernation period if plague exposure is not brought under control. Case Presentation The patient was a 45-year-old man who presented with high fever, swelling of axillary lymph nodes, and existing hand wounds on his right side. Y. pestis was isolated from his blood and lymphatic fluid. Hence, the patient was diagnosed with a confirmed case of bubonic plague. Later, his condition progressed to septicemic plague. Plague exposure through wounds and delays in appropriate treatment might have contributed to plague progression. Conclusion This case report reveals that excavating a hibernating marmot is a significant transmission route of plague. Plague prevention and control measures are priority needs during the marmot hibernation period.

plague

Marmot

Yersinia pestis

Hibernation

10.3389/fpubh.2022.910872

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Citations (7)

Serological investigation of plague and brucellosis infection in Marmota himalayana plague foci in the Altun Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Frontiers in Public Health (2022)

Shuai Qin Junrong Liang Deming Tang Yuhuang Chen Ran Duan

The Altun Mountains are among the most active regions of Marmota himalayana plague foci of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where animal plague is prevalent, whereas only three human cases have been found since 1960. Animal husbandry is the main income for the local economy; brucellosis appears sometimes in animals and less often in humans. In this study, a retrospective investigation of plague and brucellosis seroprevalence among humans and animals was conducted to improve prevention and control measures for the two diseases. Animal and human sera were collected for routine surveillance from 2018 to 2021 and screened for plague and brucellosis. Yersinia pestis F1 antibody was preliminarily screened by the colloidal gold method at the monitoring site to identify previous infections with positive serology. Previous plague infection was found in 3.2% (14/432) of the studied human population having close contact with livestock, which indicates evidence of exposure to the Yersinia antigen (dead or live pathogenic materials) in the Altun Mountains. Seroprevalence of brucellosis was higher in camels (6.2%) and sheepdogs (1.8%) than in other livestock such as cattle and sheep, suggesting a possible transmission route from secondary host animals to humans.

plague

Yersinia pestis

Seroprevalence

10.3389/fpubh.2022.990218

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Citations (4)

Status and analysis of undetected plague cases in Yunnan Province, China

Frontiers in Public Health (2024)

Chao Su Biao Duan Qun Duan Zhaokai He Hanyu Sha

The virulence of

plague

10.3389/fpubh.2024.1408025

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Citations (0)