High temperatures seriously limit plant growth and productivity. Investigating heat-responsive molecular mechanisms is important for breeding heat-tolerant crops. In this study, heat-responsive mechanisms in leaves from a heat-sensitive spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) variety Sp73 were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)-based and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics approaches. In total, 257 heat-responsive proteins were identified in the spinach leaves. The abundance patterns of these proteins indicated that the photosynthesis process was inhibited, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging pathways were initiated, and protein synthesis and turnover, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were promoted in the spinach Sp73 in response to high temperature. By comparing this with our previous results in the heat-tolerant spinach variety Sp75, we found that heat inhibited photosynthesis, as well as heat-enhanced ROS scavenging, stress defense pathways, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and protein folding and turnover constituting a conservative strategy for spinach in response to heat stress. However, the heat-decreased biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoid as well as soluble sugar content in the variety Sp73 was quite different from that in the variety Sp75, leading to a lower capability for photosynthetic adaptation and osmotic homeostasis in Sp73 under heat stress. Moreover, the heat-reduced activities of SOD and other heat-activated antioxidant enzymes in the heat-sensitive variety Sp73 were also different from the heat-tolerant variety Sp75, implying that the ROS scavenging strategy is critical for heat tolerance.
Metal tanks are generally used for the measurement of liquid petroleum products for fiscal or custody transfer application. One tank volume precise measurement method based on data cloud analysis was studied, which was acquired by laser scanning principle. Method of distance measurement by laser phase shift and angular measurement by optical grating were applied to acquire coordinates of points in tank shell under the control of a servo system. Direct Iterative Method (DIM) and Section Area Method (SAM) were used to process measured data for vertical and horizontal tanks respectively. In comparison experiment, one 1000m3 vertical tank and one 30m3 horizontal tank were used as test objects. In the vertical tank experiment, the largest measured radius difference between the new laser method and strapping method (international arbitrary standard) is 2.8mm. In the horizontal tank experiment, the calibration result from laser scanning method is more close to reference than manual geometric method, and the mean deviation in full-scale range of the former and latter method are 75L and 141L respectively; with the increase of liquid level, the relative errors of laser scanning method and manual geometric method become smaller, and the mean relative errors are 0.6% and 1.5% respectively. By using the method discussed, the calibration efficiency of tank volume can be improved.
The liquid volume is an important metrology method for commercial transaction in international trade, and the vertical tank is used as main metrology tool. One non-contact optical measurement system was raised by using laser scanning method. The coordinates of vertical tank shell were acquired by phase-shift ranging method and angular measurement, and the set of coordinates is named as data cloud. The deformation of the vertical tank not only affects the daily use and safe operation, but also influences the accuracy of the tank volume measurement. Based on the 3D laser scanning principle, one measurement method for the vertical tank deformation was introduced. By using the high-resolution analysis model, the overall and local deformation of the vertical tank were measured simultaneously. The measurement errors of distance and angle are 2mm and 2" respectively. Iterative method was used to deduce the radius at each course height for tank model without deformation. One experimental system was designed and the method was validated by experimental data.
Liquid volume is one important metrology method for commercial transaction in international trade, and vertical tank is used as main metrology tool. One non-contact optical measurement system was raised by using laser scanning method. The coordinates of vertical tank shell were acquired by phase-shift ranging method and angular measurement, and the set of coordinates is named as data cloud. The measurement errors of distance and angle are 2mm and 2" respectively. Wavelet was applied to noise reduction and curve feature extraction for data cloud. Iterative method was used to deduce the radius at each course height. One 1000m3 vertical tank used as test object, comparison experiment was carried out with strap method (international arbitral standard). The experimental results show that the noise due to tank shell surface characteristics and laser scanning devices could be filtered satisfactorily, and the local curve features of tank shell were described correctly.
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