Blazed gratings are widely used for surface relief grating (SRG) waveguides for augmented reality displays. To increase the efficiency and design freedom of blazed gratings the control of the anti-blaze angle has gained attention lately. We will demonstrate mastering processes to realize blazed gratings with positive, vertical and negative anti-blaze angles on masters for the replication of SRG waveguides.
Plasmonic nanoparticles, typically gold and silver colloids, can be trapped by a highly focused Gaussian beam. The behavior of the particles in an optical trap, such as the alignment, stability and interaction between particles, depends on their plasmonic nature, determined by the correlation between the size, shape and material of the particles, and the wavelength and polarization of the trapping laser. For instance, an elongated nanoparticle aligns parallel to the polarization of a NIR trapping laser to minimize the optical potential energy. However, nanowires tend to align perpendicular to the polarization. A dimer of two isotropic nanoparticles in principle acts similar to a nanorod with its "long axis" (dimer axis) parallel to the laser polarization. These results are evidenced by dark-field scattering imaging and spectra, and agree well with discrete dipole approximation simulations of the near-fields around different nanostructures. Elongated nanoparticles, dimers and nanowires all rotate when the laser polarization is rotated. Irradiated under a circularly polarized laser, trapped objects spin spontaneously due to the transfer of angular momentum from the incident photons. The interaction between two gold nanoparticles in a dimer is complex because it involves the optical potential and the DLVO potential. The latter can be probed to some extent using dark-field scattering spectroscopy.
Bentonite clays have many applications in industries ranging from construction to cosmetics. Addition of polymers can profoundly influence the properties of bentonite suspensions and we now describe the influence of a range of different polymers. Whereas polyvinyl pyrolidone and soy isolate only slightly influenced the pH and the electrical conductivity of bentonite polymers in suspension, Carbopol solution caused decreases in both pH and electrical conductivity. As expected, strong electrolytes like sodium chloride caused big changes in the electrical conductivity of the suspensions. When the temperature of the bentonite suspensions was increased, the pH was almost unchanged, but the electrical conductivity increased. Bentonite treated with polymer suspensions can be used in purifying polluted water; for example, our results suggest that high pH caused by phosphorous salts can be addressed using bentonite modified with Carbopol.
We investigate the electromagnetic interaction between a gold nanoparticle and a thin gold film on a glass substrate.The coupling between the particle plasmons and the surface plasmon polaritons of the film leads to the formation of two localized hybrid modes, one low-energy -film-like‖ plasmon and one high-energy plasmon dominated by the nanoparticle.We find that the two modes have completely different directional scattering patterns on the glass side of the film.The high-energy mode displays a characteristic dipole emission pattern while the low-energy mode sends out a substantial part of its radiation in directions parallel to the particle dipole moment.The relative strength of the two radiation patterns vary strongly with the distance between the particle and the film, as determined by the degree of particle-film hybridization.
In this paper we have analyzed scaling properties and cyclical behavior of the three types of stock market indexes (SMI) time series: data belonging to stock markets of developed economies, emerging economies, and of the underdeveloped or transitional economies. We have used two techniques of data analysis to obtain and verify our findings: the wavelet spectral analysis to study SMI returns data, and the Hurst exponent formalism to study local behavior around market cycles and trends. We have found cyclical behavior in all SMI data sets that we have analyzed. Moreover, the positions and the boundaries of cyclical intervals that we have found seam to be common for all markets in our dataset. We list and illustrate the presence of nine such periods in our SMI data. We also report on the possibilities to differentiate between the level of growth of the analyzed markets by way of statistical analysis of the properties of wavelet spectra that characterize particular peak behaviors. Our results show that measures like the relative WT energy content and the relative WT amplitude for the peaks in the small scales region could be used for partial differentiation between market economies. Finally, we propose a way to quantify the level of development of a stock market based on the Hurst scaling exponent approach. From the local scaling exponents calculated for our nine peak regions we have defined what we named the Development Index, which proved, at least in the case of our dataset, to be suitable to rank the SMI series that we have analyzed in three distinct groups.
We have measured the angular distribution of light scattered off 2D plasmonic Al nanoparticle ensembles. We created these samples with disk-like nanoparticles, 175 and 500 nm in diameter, respectively, using hole-mask colloidal lithography and electron beam lithography. The nanoparticle arrangements in the samples display the short-range order (but no long-range order) characteristic for an ensemble formed by random sequential adsorption. As a consequence of this, the ensemble scattering patterns can be quantitatively well described by combining the single-particle scattering pattern with a static structure factor that carries information about the diffraction effects caused by the short-range order of the ensemble. We also performed sensing experiments in which we monitored changes in the angle-resolved scattering intensity for a fixed wavelength as a function of the thickness of an ultrathin SiO(2) coating covering the Al nanoparticles. The data show that the angle and strength of the main diffraction peak vary linearly with SiO(2) coating thickness in the range 1.5-4.5 nm and suggest that measurements of the scattering profile could be a competitive alternative to traditional transmission measurements in terms of sensitivity.