A new and efficient strategy was used to prepare p-tolylsulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin (TsO-β-CD). Subsequently, the smart and recyclable Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-β-CD nanoparticles with synergistic enhancement effect were prepared via between Fe 3 O 4 @APTES and TsO-β-CD. And then, the structure of TsO- β-CD and Fe 3 O 4 @APTES- β-CD were characterized. Finally, the Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-β-CD was utilized as a heterogeneous Fenton-like and synergistic catalyst. The catalytic property of Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-β-CD for 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (4-C-2-NP) was assessed. Accordingly, the degradation reactions fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. In the meantime, the catalytic activity of Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-β-CD was higher than that of Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-α-CD or Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-γ-CD. More importantly, the Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-β-CD possessed excellent regeneration and reuse ability. In addition, the possible reaction route and degradation mechanism were proposed with synergistic catalytic system. Consequently, the Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-β-CD can potentially serve as a smart and recyclable heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst.
To promote higher-quality syngas production from biomass co-pyrolysis, this study prepared syngas through the secondary cracking of tar in cyclic catalytic pyrolysis steam based on a cyclic catalytic integrated pyrolysis (CCIP) system, the CCIP system process parameters were synergistically optimized based on the syngas yield and lower heating value (LHV) as indicators. The results showed that the mixing ratio and cycle rate was crucial to driving syngas generation, while the cycle rate was a key factor for tar reduction. The catalyst dosage mainly changed the syngas composition and promoted the generation of hydrogen-rich syngas. Optimization of the CCIP system reduced the liquid phase product yield by 6 wt.% and increased the gas product yield by 27 wt.% compared to the normal pyrolysis system based on sewage sludge (SS) pyrolysis, where the yields of H2, CH4, CO, and CO2 were increased by 131.51, 87.80, 223.57, and 210.45 vol%, respectively. The syngas LHV increased from 7.99 MJ/Nm3 to 11.31 MJ/Nm3 by 41.55 % through synergistic optimization. The co-pyrolysis of SS and rice husk and the development of pyrolysis tar reforming through pyrolysis steam circulation effectively improved the yield and LHV of syngas and achieved high-quality syngas recovery based on the CCIP system.
To promote higher-quality syngas production from biomass co-pyrolysis, this study prepared syngas through the secondary cracking of tar in cyclic catalytic pyrolysis steam based on a cyclic catalytic integrated pyrolysis (CCIP) system, the CCIP system process parameters were synergistically optimized based on the syngas yield and lower heating value (LHV) as indicators. The results showed that the mixing ratio and cycle rate was crucial to driving syngas generation, while the cycle rate was a key factor for tar reduction. The catalyst dosage mainly changed the syngas composition and promoted the generation of hydrogen-rich syngas. Optimization of the CCIP system reduced the liquid phase product yield by 6 wt.% and increased the gas product yield by 27 wt.% compared to the normal pyrolysis system based on sewage sludge (SS) pyrolysis, where the yields of H2, CH4, CO, and CO2 were increased by 131.51, 87.80, 223.57, and 210.45 vol%, respectively. The syngas LHV increased from 7.99 MJ/Nm3 to 11.31 MJ/Nm3 by 41.55 % through synergistic optimization. The co-pyrolysis of SS and rice husk and the development of pyrolysis tar reforming through pyrolysis steam circulation effectively improved the yield and LHV of syngas and achieved high-quality syngas recovery based on the CCIP system.
The ecological vulnerability evaluation index was established through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Wetness (WET), Normalized Difference Build-up and Soil Index (NDBSI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) indicators, comprehensively evaluate the ecological vulnerability of Zhongxian County of Chongqing in 2002, 2009, and 2016 by Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and analyze its spatio-temporal evolution. The vulnerability areas of five levels were calculated respectively, and the overall index of ecological vulnerability was also calculated. The index of remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index decreased first and then increased; the Wetness index showed an upward trend; the Normalized Difference Build-up and Soil Index index increased first and then decreased; and the Land Surface Temperature index decreased. The ecological vulnerability body index (EVBI) shows a downward trend, and the incremental changes are mainly concentrated in the negligible vulnerability areas and light vulnerability area, while the medium vulnerability, strong vulnerability and extreme vulnerability area generally show a downward trend. Furthermore, the new increment of ecological vulnerability grade area concentrates on negligible vulnerability area and light vulnerability area from 2002 to 2016. In general, the ecological vulnerability gradually shifts to low vulnerability, and the ecological environment tends to develop healthily.
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, a medicinal plant that originated in Yunnan (China), has been over-harvested in the wild population, resulting in its artificial cultivation. Given the negative environmental impacts of the excessive use of phosphorus (P) fertilization, the application of organophosphate-degrading bacteria (OPDB) is a sustainable approach for improving the P use efficiency in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis production. The present work aimed to analyze the effects of three organic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria of Bacillus on the yield and quality of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and the P concentrations in the soil. All the inoculation treatments distinctly increased the rhizome biomass, steroidal, and total saponin concentrations of the rhizomes and the Olsen-P and organic P in the soil. The highest growth rate of rhizomes biomass, steroidal saponins, available phosphorus, and total phosphorus content was seen in the S7 group, which was inoculated with all three OPDB strains, showing increases of 134.58%, 132.56%, 51.64%, and 17.19%, respectively. The highest total saponin content was found in the group inoculated with B. mycoides and B. wiedmannii, which increased by 33.68%. Moreover, the highest organic P content was seen in the group inoculated with B. wiedmannii and B. proteolyticus, which increased by 96.20%. In addition, the rhizome biomass was significantly positively correlated with the saponin concentration, together with the positive correlation between the Olsen-P and organic P and total P. It is concluded that inoculation with organophosphate-degrading bacteria improved the biomass and medicinal ingredients of the rhizome in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, coupled with increased soil P fertility, with a mixture of the three bacteria performing best.
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