The role of mastication is to prepare a bolus for safe swallowing. The Swallow Safe model defines deformability, slippiness, and cohesiveness as key properties that influence whether a bolus is safe to swallow. Defining these properties numerically is difficult and current instruments used for bolus analysis have limitations. The slip extrusion test (SET) was developed to objectively measure the swallowability of the bolus through determination of its resistance to deformation and slip. The test measures the force needed to extrude a bolus through a bag as it is pulled through a pair of rollers, imitating the swallowing action of a bolus. Three food model systems were used to evaluate the SET: (a) viscous solutions with varying viscosity, (b) gels with varying hardness, and (c) particulate systems of varying cohesion. The test was applied to peanut boluses produced in vivo to demonstrate its potential in characterizing boluses. The deformation and slip resistance measurements correlated well with the hardness and viscosity measurements of the gels and viscous solutions respectively (correlation coefficient r = .94 between deformation resistance and hardness; r = .85 for slip resistance and hardness in gels; r = .98 for deformation resistance and viscosity; r = .93 for slip resistance and viscosity in solutions). The advantage of the SET is it can evaluate the swallowability of a wide range of foods of different structure and composition. It could potentially be used to investigate the properties of boluses throughout oral processing and help in establishing the criteria for a safe to swallow bolus in a quantitative way.The test could be used to measure bolus properties from the initial stages of breakdown to the point of swallow for all types of food. The ability to measure the changes in bolus properties through all stages of breakdown using the same instrument is a significant development. The resistance to deformation and slip are quantitative measurements that could potentially be used to further develop the Swallow Safe model by providing numerical limits to the identified properties. This could be of interest to the development of foods for dysphagia sufferers.
Research Article| December 01, 1976 Comparison between sieving and settling-tube determinations of sand sizes by using discriminant analysis J. Richard Jones; J. Richard Jones 1Department of Geography, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Barry Cameron Barry Cameron 2Department of Geology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (1976) 4 (12): 741–744. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<741:CBSASD>2.0.CO;2 Article history first online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation J. Richard Jones, Barry Cameron; Comparison between sieving and settling-tube determinations of sand sizes by using discriminant analysis. Geology 1976;; 4 (12): 741–744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<741:CBSASD>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract There is much controversy regarding the method that best measures the representative grain sizes used to calculate sediment statistics. Twenty-five sand-sized sediment samples were collected in barrier-island subenvironments and analyzed by a sieving technique and a settling-tube technique. On the basis of graphic sediment statistics as variables, discriminant analysis indicates that the more conventional sieving method correctly characterized 96 percent of the samples by subenvironments, while the settling-tube technique correctly characterized only 72 percent of the samples. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Intraparticle and extraparticle secondary char forming reactions have been investigated in the slow pyrolysis regime using radiata pine. A laboratory thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and a Macro-TGA were used to cover a large range of sizes, extending from thin slices to large cylindrical specimens in the micrometer and centimeter ranges respectively. Extraparticle reactions were studied by pyrolysing sawdust, particle size <1 mm, in crucibles with and without a lid. All experiments were done at 5 degreesC/min up to 700 degreesC in nitrogen. Under these conditions, transfer limitations for cylindrical samples with axial grain direction were found to be negligible for diameters <=2 cm. In this regime secondary reactions begin to occur at 140 degreesC, contrary to previous suggestions that range from 280 degreesC to above 380 degreesC. Temperature measurements inside the large cylinders indicate that intraparticle secondary reactions similarly occur from around 180 degreesC. Yield increases with particle size and plateaus at 2 cm. The maximum yield that could be achieved was 22.66 +/- 0.82 % (wt/wt) on an air dry basis at 700 degreesC. Larger sizes did not cause an increase in yield due to the formation of cracks as a result of increased internal pressure gradients. These findings have large implications for the manufacture of char and the char formation mechanism itself, in particular as they suggest that secondary char forming reactions take place parallel to primary reactions.
Statistical evaluations of samples obtained from a Burkard seven-day recording volumetric pollen/spore trap were performed to determine the precision of the sampling and analysis procedures. The reproducibility of co-located traps was also investigated. The results showed that pollen grain transect counting was not significantly different, while fungal spore counting produced statistically different results. There was no statistical difference in the number of pollen and fungal spores counted between the co-located samplers. Reasons for the differences in the fungal spore counts are presented.
Published data from nearly 2,000 coal samples comprising 250 coal beds from 17 states, representing many of the coal producing horizons in the USA, shows moderate correlation (0.7) between depth and methane content for high volatile coal ranks. Low-volatile rank coals average the highest methane content, 12.74 m?/ton (450 ft?/ton), subbituminous rank coals the lowest, <0.71 m?/ton (<25 ft?/ton). Experimentation under replicated in situ conditions of triaxial stress, pore pressure and temperature on Pittsburgh No. 8 coal indicate permeability decreases with increasing CO2 pressure, with an increase in strain in the coal associated with its swelling.
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