High academic expectations tend to be one of most significant features of Asian families, compared to non-Asian families. Parents expectations for high academic achievement of their children leads to high academic stress on students. Academic expectation stress (AES) is an important variable that reflects on-campus students mental state. However, relatively few studies specifically examine the impact of AES. Thus, the present study focuses on the effect of AES on academic achievements. Moreover, the relation between family educated level and academic achievements is also examined. The statistics are collected by questionnaires, and differences between groups were analyzed. Results show that academic expectation stress might affect academic achievement. In addition, family educated level might also have an impact on academic achievements. The results emphasize the influence of AES on students. Future research could focus on whether stress-relieving interventions are effective in reducing students academic expectation stress levels. Educators should focus on helping students develop reasonable academic expectations to avoid the effects of stress.
This paper presents a new calibration method for binocular vision system, based on CPSO-BP neural network. Firstly, the training set of the back propagation (BP) neural network is formed by the image feature point extracted from the binocular vision system. Then the cooperate particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm is introduced to optimize the weights of the BP neural network, making the network with a stronger ability of the global optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CPSO-BP-based algorithm has a higher calibration precision than the traditional BP-based calibration method.
Abstract Memory consolidation stabilizes newly acquired information. Understanding how individual memories are reactivated during sleep is essential in theorizing memory consolidation. Via unobtrusively re-playing auditory memory cues to sleeping human participants, we identified the reactivation of individual memories during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Using representational similarity analysis (RSA) on cue-elicited electroencephalogram (EEG), we found functionally segregated item-specific representations: the early post-cue EEG activity (0-2 seconds) contained comparable representations for memory cues and for non-memory control cues, thus reflecting sensory processing. Critically, the later EEG activity (2.5-3 s) showed greater item-specific representations for post-sleep remembered items than for forgotten and control cues, demonstrating the reactivation and consolidation of individual memories. Moreover, spindles preferentially supported item-specific memory reactivation for items that were not tested before sleep. These findings delineated how cue-triggered item-specific memory reactivation, subserved by spindles during SWS, contributed to memory consolidation. These results will benefit future research aiming to perturb specific memory episodes during sleep.
When studying emotion, there has been a longstanding controversy whether emotion should be better divided into different categories or into dimensions. There are a number of behavioral and physiological studies supporting both the categorical view and the dimension view. With the development of observational and analytical instrument, affective neuroscience is emerging as a new field that attracts researchers to explore how the brain generates and represents emotion. In this review, firstly we will introduce the superiority of a method called multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA) in studying how different emotional states are represented in human brain. Traditional univariate fMRI data analysis characterizes the relationship between mental states and each individual brain voxel. Voxels have been seen as independent from each other and are isolated from different mental states. Due to its lack of sensitivity, there is no evidence shown that different emotional states have their own representational pattern in specific brain regions. Unlike univariate method, MVPA utilizes multi-voxel pattern to decode the information of mental states and have more sensitivity than univariate analysis. Secondly, the studies using MVPA to investigate the dimension view and category view will be briefly summarized. These two theories are both partly approved, as there are some evidences which support one view and some evidences support the other. We will illustrate two research orientations separately and comment on the shortcomings of the existing research. For example, the dimension view has often been studied on one singular dimension during which the other dimension is kept constant. However, emotion is constructed of both valence and arousal. Therefore, researchers should integrate both valence and arousal to examine the dimension view in the brain. Next, we will discuss what impact does MVPA bring on traditional emotion theory. Because of its incomparable advantages, MVPA could solve some controversial issues which cannot be studied only by behavioral measures, such as questions like whether positive and negative emotions are two sides of a same dimension or they are in different dimensions. or questions like the number of basic emotional states. What is more, MVPA can directly compare different emotion theories. Last but not least, we highlight the future directions about the representation of emotion in the brain. For example, some studies have shown that emotion perception could be divided into different processing stages. Therefore, we propose that the way our brain representing emotional states is different during different time course. Future studies may utilize MVPA to decode different emotional states in the time domain by using spatiotemporal pattern similarity analysis with EEG or MEG data. In addition, it is also a good direction to investigate how different brain regions interact with each other to represent emotions by resorting to network method and multi-connection pattern analysis.
Background: Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) (e.g., Bortezomib) are key treatments to improve the clinical outcome of multiple myeloma (MM). However, disease relapse from the emergence of PI-resistant clones is the main problem. Insights into the mechanisms underlying PI-resistance will provide novel druggable targets to prevent relapse. It was well-recognized that PIs induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in MM cells. ER stress is associated with the Calcineurin/nuclear-factor-of-activated-T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Accumulating studies indicated the importance of Calcineurin/NFAT signaling in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. However, the involvement of Calcineurin/NFAT signaling in PI-resistance in MM has not yet been investigated. Aims: To dissect the role of the Calcineurin/NFAT axis in Bortezomib (BTZ) treatment response and explore the therapeutic potential by combining Bortezomib and Calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors in MM. Methods: We studied the expression pattern of PPP3CA and NFATC1 from MM datasets and MM cell lines and their association with BTZ responses in MM. The expression of the four principal NFAT members was detected by expression microarray and their activation status by western blotting in MM cell lines. We identified the most prominent NFAT member and assessed its activation under BTZ treatment. A lentivirus-transduction system was used for overexpressing genes, and siRNA transfection was applied to induce NFATC1 knockdown in a BTZ-resistant cell line ARH77. Flow cytometry and western blotting assessed the combinational effect of Calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors and BTZ on MM cells. Results: The expression level of PPP3CA, which encodes Calcineurin Catalytic subunit A (CnA), was correlated to the poor clinical outcome of recurrent MM patients (MMRF cohort). Calcineurin was highly expressed in ARH77, which is less sensitive to BTZ treatment than other MM cell lines. Among the four NFAT members, we found that NFATC1 and NFATC3 were the most highly expressed members in MM cell lines. However, NFATc1 was the only member suppressed by CsA but activated by the calcium channel agonist Ionomycin in ARH77. Consistent with Calcineurin, NFATc1 was highly expressed in ARH77, with reference to a confirmed NFATc1-positive cell line Raji and the nuclear-NFATc1 overexpressing HEK-293T. Additionally, BTZ activated CnA and NFATc1 time-dependently in ARH77 but failed to activate CnA and NFATc1 in the BTZ-sensitive cell line NCI-H929. Immunofluorescence showed that BTZ triggered the nuclear translocation of NFATc1. From GEO datasets, NFATC1 was overexpressed in patients less responsive to BTZ, but was unchanged in patients subjected to conventional therapies. The Calcineurin/NFATc1 was thus a potential mechanism of BTZ-resistance in MM. Depleting NFATc1 enhanced BTZ-induced DNA damage-related apoptosis in ARH77. The combinational treatment of Calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors (CsA and FK506) and BTZ decreased the nuclear/cytosolic ratio of NFATc1 and promoted apoptosis in two MM cell lines compared to the treatment of BTZ alone. Image:Summary/Conclusion: The activation of the Calcineurin/NFATc1 axis is an important mechanism that contributes to BTZ-resistance in MM. Targeting this axis confers translational potential for improving BTZ-based therapies.
Purpose:By evaluating the levels of nutritional knowledge of students and dietary behaviors of the students in primary schools and high schools in Lipu,the propaganda and guidance about nutritional knowledge can be carried out.To provide scientific gist for the growth of students.Method:The students were surveyed with questionnaire in Lipu primary and high schools.Results:Forty-nine students were surveyed in primary school.Twenty-eight students lacked essential knowledge of nutrition and ten students have some unhealthy eating behaviors.Two hundred and fifty-three students were surveyed in high school.Eighty-seven students lacked essential knowledge of nutrition and sixty-six students have some unhealthy eating behaviors.Conclusion:The students in primary and high schools seriously lack nutritional knowledge,so it is necessary to strengthen the propaganda and education of nutrition to help them obtain more nutritional knowledge and get rid of unhealthy eating habits.
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