Prolonged, high intensity exercise induces substantial systemic inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. High intensity interval training (HIIT) involves bursts of heavy exertion separated by short rest periods; however, there is limited research on the effect of regular HIIT on the acute immune and oxidative stress responses to exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and chronic exercise‐related physiological responses and adaptation to 4‐weeks of cycling HIIT. We hypothesized that 4 weeks of HIIT would induce an attenuated inflammatory and oxidative stress response to an acute bout of HIIT. Sixty‐one sedentary, but healthy participants (males: n=15, 21.8 ± 1.0 y, initial VO 2max = 37.7 ± 1.7 ml•kg −1 •min −1 , body fat = 16.8 ± 1.6%; females: n=46, 20.2 ± 0.3 y, initial VO 2max = 32.1 ± 0.7 ml•kg −1 •min −1 , body fat = 25.7 ± 0.8%) completed a maximal graded cycle ergometer test and an acute HIIT exercise bout (HIIT challenge) before and after 4 weeks of HIIT. The HIIT challenge was an acute bout of eight 60‐sec cycling intervals at 100% of Watts max . The 4‐week HIIT consisted of 12 sessions (3 d•wk −1 ) of 8 to 12 cycling intervals at 100% of Watts max (60‐sec intervals; 75‐sec rest in between). Standard exercise‐related physiological variables were measured during the maximal cycle ergometer test and blood samples were collected at rest, immediately, and 30 min after completion of the HIIT challenge for analysis of inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. Participants experienced 6% and 5% increases in VO 2max and Watts max (both p≤0.001), respectively, after 4 weeks of HIIT. The post‐exercise blood lactate response was lower after 4 weeks of HIIT (p=0.0125), compared to before training. We also observed reductions in exercise heart rate and rating of perceived exertion at various submaximal cycling workloads (all p≤0.001) after training. Plasma IL‐6 increased immediately and 30 min after the HIIT challenge (p<0.0125), but 4 weeks of HIIT reduced this response (p<0.0125). IL‐8 and MCP‐1 increased in response to the HIIT challenge (both p≤0.001), but these responses were not altered by 4 weeks of HIIT. Before training, glutathione peroxidase (GP x ) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased (p=0.020 and p<0.001, respectively), but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was unchanged 30 min after the HIIT challenge. However, 4 weeks of HIIT further augmented GP x activity by 8% (p=0.026), attenuated MDA levels by 60% (p<0.001), and tended to increase SOD activity by 20% (p=0.059), in response to the HIIT challenge. In conclusion, 4 weeks of HIIT improves fitness and cycling exercise performance, and moderates the systemic inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to an acute bout of HIIT in sedentary men and women. Support or Funding Information Dole Foods, Inc., Westlake Village, CA
Lung fibrosis negatively impacts on lung function in chronic asthma and is linked to the development of profibrotic macrophage phenotypes. Epidemiological studies have found that lung function benefits from increased consumption of fruit high in polyphenols. We investigated the effect of boysenberry consumption, in both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment strategies in a mouse model of chronic antigen-induced airway inflammation. Boysenberry consumption reduced collagen deposition and ameliorated tissue remodeling alongside an increase in the presence of CD68+CD206+arginase+ alternatively activated macrophages in the lung tissue. The decrease in tissue remodeling was associated with increased expression of profibrolytic matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein in total lung tissue. We identified alternatively activated macrophages in the mice that consumed boysenberry as a source of the matrix metalloproteinase-9. Oral boysenberry treatment may moderate chronic tissue remodeling by supporting the development of profibrolytic alternatively activated macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9. Regular boysenberry consumption therefore has the potential to moderate chronic lung remodeling and fibrosis in asthma and other chronic pulmonary diseases.
The consumption of blackcurrants has previously been shown to increase blood flow to the hands and eyes in humans at rest via vasodilatory mechanisms attributed to polyphenolics. While an increase in blood flow to the hands at rest may have health related benefits, such as improving resting circulation, it is unclear whether there is a benefit during fatiguing exercise. An increase in blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle during exercise may, in theory, delay the onset of fatigue by improving oxygen and nutrient delivery to the muscle while additionally increasing the rate at which metabolic waste products and biochemical agents of fatigue are removed. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of New Zealand blackcurrant extract on peripheral (forearm) blood flow and muscular performance. METHODS: Ten healthy males participated in two trials during which they ingested either blackcurrant extract (BC), delivering 1.87 mg anthocyanins/kg bodyweight, or a placebo powder (PP) containing equivalent amounts glucose, fructose and sucrose to BC; treatment allocation was randomly allocated in a balanced fashion and participants were blinded to the treatments. Participants sat at rest and measures of forearm blood flow (FBF), using venous occlusion plethysmography, heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were made prior to and every 30 min after treatment ingestion, for 2 h. After 2 h participants completed intermittent isometric handgrip exercise to volitional fatigue. Differences within and between trials for all criterion measures were analysed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: A treatment effect (p = 0.014), time effect (p = 0.05) and a treatment x time interaction (p = 0.005) were observed for FBF. FBF decreased over the 2 h period with PP only (90 min = - 35.8 ± 28.8 %, p =0.047; 120 min = - 39.4 ± 29.1 %, p =0.028), no change was observed with BC. HR, SBP and DBP changed over time (all p < 0.001) however no difference between treatments was found. The number of repetitions completed during hand grip exercise did not differ between treatments (BC = 73.6 ± 28.8 repetitions vs PP = 77.2 ± 44.5 repetitions, p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: New Zealand blackcurrant extract maintains peripheral blood flow during a period of prolonged sitting, however this effect does not alter fatiguing hand grip performance.
Eosinophil recruitment to the airways is a characteristic feature of allergic asthma. Eotaxins are potent chemokines that regulate the recruitment of eosinophils to sites of inflammation. Of these, CCL26 is linked to persistent eosinophil recruitment in the later phase of an allergic response. We evaluated the effectiveness of 10 different blackcurrant cultivar polyphenolic extracts in suppressing CCL26 secretion in stimulated human alveolar epithelial cells. Correlation analysis to identify the potential blackcurrant composition constituent(s) involved in CCL26 suppression and the effects of the four major anthocyanins present in blackcurrants to validate results was conducted. All blackcurrant polyphenolic extracts suppressed CCL26 secretion by lung alveolar cells; however, differential efficacy was observed, which was attributed to their cultivar-specific polyphenolic composition profiles. We identified that the ratio of concentrations of delphinidin glycosides to cyanidin glycosides in the blackcurrant cultivars was an important determinant in influencing CCL26 suppression in lung cells. Our findings support the potential use of blackcurrants or blackcurrant-derived foods/ingredients in managing lung inflammation and the development of specific cultivars as functional foods/ingredients with beneficial biological activities.
Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs are potentially of considerable value in both the localization and treatment of somatostatin receptor-bearing tumors. Whole body 123I-labeled Tyr3-octreotide scintigraphy is capable of detecting and localizing primary tumors and metastatic disease that may not be detectable by other methods. Although it is possible that this technique may be applicable to a wide variety of neoplasms, 123I-Tyr3-octreotide scans appear particularly useful for imaging various gut neuroendocrine tumors, meningiomas, and paragangliomas. This primarily reflects the level of expression of somatostatin receptors by these lesions. In addition to whole body scintigraphy, intraoperative localization by receptor identification utilizing a handheld gamma detector probe may prove to be an effective means of identifying spread and micrometastasis of somatostatin receptor-bearing tumors. Aside from identification and topographic localization of disease, the detection of an 123I-Tyr3-octreotide labeled tumor may be utilized as in vivo assay for the presence of somatostatin receptors. Such observations may prove useful in predicting the susceptibility of an individual tumor to octreotide therapy. Additionally, it may prove possible to deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation to receptor-bearing tumors by the administration of specific radiolabeled somatostatin analogs.
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