The rise of wearable devices being used into our daily life have been observed the disputes, when it is utilized by the clients for durable is quiet an issue with growth of Internet of Things (IOT). In this paper we reviewed the dissipates in ethical, social and environmental associated to wearable technologies from client point of views. Research has been pointed numerous issues in the ecological, social and ethical values are jointly investigated in this research work, shown in the area of wearable Internet of Things. This study mainly focus on dispute of IOT, which are found to be important in wearable technologies. The disputes which have been mentioned are significant effects for reducing the negative adaptation sprints of wearables in our daily basis.
Abstract The Annular combustion system usually has an instrumentation system like flame detectors, spark plugs, and pulsation probes in the primary zone to investigate flame stability, ignition, and measuring the acoustic pulsations. The primary zone experiences the highest temperatures and sealing & cooling of an instrumentation system is critical to get timely combustion performance data. The location, and sizing of the instrumentation ferule that encompasses the instrumentation system are to be properly evaluated such that to avoid hot combustion gas injection in the ferule. The objective of the paper is to document the cooling and sealing requirements around the instrumentation ferule such that real-time data acquisition is maintained, and the structural integrity in terms of LCF/Creep life is the main design driver. System of flow, thermal, and structural is carried out to investigate unsteady flow recirculation/local peak temperatures to properly size the required cooling flow. The sealing flow injected around the ferule should be aligned with the core combustion flow to minimize the pressure drop. The first part of the paper presents the baseline configuration experiences the high static temperatures downstream of ferule system, then the thermal analysis process map is used to investigate different cooling schemes and impact on metal temperature reduction due to the conduction effect. The structural integrity of ferule system is also analyzed to verify the design requirements for various designs. To validate the numerical process, two potential configurations (Lifted ferule and Flat ferule) have been tested at high pressures and high temperatures keeping instrumentation around the ferule system. The numerical model is further tuned by implementing the film effectiveness and validated with test results. The flat and lifted ferule numerical results are quite aligned with the experimental data at most of the locations, however flat ferule shows a better cooling effect compared to the lifted system. Also, the paper presents the temperature spread on the ferule system from the experimental test data and presented it for all three configurations. The results indicate that the temperature spread is around 0 to 8% for the baseline and flat ferule cases, where the spread is high for the lifted ferule case. Due to limitation with current thermal process map inability to capture circumferential variation, only the test results (temperature spread) are presented.
Purpose For higher swirling flows (swirl > 0.5), flow confinement significantly impacts fluid flow, flame stability, flame length and heat transfer, especially when the confinement ratio is less than 9. Past numerical studies on helical axial swirler type systems are limited to non-reacting or reacting flows type Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes closure models, mostly are non-parametric studies. Effects of parametric studies like swirl angle and confinement on the unsteady flow field, either numerical or experimental, are very minimal. The purpose of this paper is to document modeling practices for a large eddy simulation (LES) type grid, predict the confinement effects of a single swirler lean direct injection (LDI) system and validate with literature data. Design/methodology/approach The first part of the paper discusses the approach followed for numerical modelling of LES with the minimum number of cells required across critical sections to capture the spectrum of turbulent energy with good accuracy. The numerical model includes all flow developing sections of the LDI swirler, right from the axial setting chamber to the exit of the flame tube, and its length is effectively modelled to match the experimental data. The computational model predicts unsteady features like vortex breakdown bubble, represented by a strong recirculation zone anchored downstream of the fuel nozzle. It is interesting to note that the LES is effective in predicting the secondary recirculation zones in the divergent section as well as at the corners of the tube wall. Findings The predictions of a single helical axial swirler with a vane tip angle of 60°, with a duct size of 2 × 2 square inches, are compared with the experimental data at several axial locations as well as with centerline data. Both mean and unsteady turbulent quantities obtained through the numerical simulations are validated with the experimental data (Cai et al. , 2005). The methodology is extended to the confinements effect on mean flow characteristics. The time scale and length scale are useful parameters to get the desired results. The results show that with an increase in the confinement ratio, the recirculation length increases proportionally. A sample of three cases has been documented in this paper. Originality/value The novelty of the paper is the modelling practices (grid/unsteady models) for a parametric study of LDI are established, and the mean confinement effects are validated with experimental data. The spectrum of turbulent energies is well captured by LES, and trends are aligned with experimental data. The methodology can be extended to reacting flows also to study the effect of swirl angle, fuel injection on aerodynamics, droplet characteristics and emissions.
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