My first thanks are to the editors of Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought for inviting me to prepare this edition. This was done largely in Cambridge during 1990. Specifically my thanks to Richard Tuck for advice given despite the toils of bringing his edition of Leviathan to its conclusion; to Raymond Geuss; and especially to Quentin Skinner for help and much typical kindness. During my stay in Cambridge, solicited and unsolicited assistance saved hours of time.
Abstract BACKGROUND Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) are rare, comprising 1-2% of paediatric CNS meningiomas. Despite slow growth, ONSM often lead to vision loss in the affected eye. Diagnosis is challenging due to the tumour’s proximity to the optic nerve, complicating biopsy or complete removal. METHODS We searched our Neuro-Oncology MDT database for patients treated for ONSM between Jan 2018 and Dec 2023. We retrospectively reviewed clinical presentation and diagnostic workup that led to the diagnosis of ONSM. RESULTS 6 children aged 3-15years (mean 9 years) were identified over 5 years. 3 children were treated at GOSH, 2 at UCLH and 1 at BCH. 3/6 patients were male. 2/6 underwent a biopsy. Presenting symptoms included headache, acute visual loss and eye pain. 2/6 patients presented with bilateral vision deterioration. The average time between onset of symptoms and presentation was 8 months (range 3–15 months). Identified causes of delayed diagnosis included delayed presentation related to COVID-19 pandemic (2 patients) and impaired quality of imaging due to dental braces (1 patient). Whilst awaiting diagnosis, 2 patients lost vision completely in their affected eye. Diagnostic workup included: optic disc examination (6 patients), lumbar puncture (2 patients), angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE) (2 patients), MRI brain and spine (6 patients), CT scan (6 patients), PET-DOTATE scan (3 patients), NF2 genetic testing (4 patients). Two patients completed PBT therapy while 1 is undergoing radiotherapy. One patient underwent an enucleation, while the rest are under surveillance. CONCLUSIONS Paediatric ONSM diagnosis remains challenging despite advanced imaging. Our review highlights the added value of CT and PET-DOTATATE when a biopsy is high-risk. CT reveals calcification in 20-50% ONSM while the role of PET-DOTATATE is related to the expression of somatostatin receptor 2 in meningiomas. Despite optimal treatment, vision loss maybe unavoidable. Early multidisciplinary consultations are advised for enhanced outcomes.
From these statements it will be seen that we have our due share of ferns in Canada.The whole number of ferns in all the American States, and the British North American Provinces, is estimated, in a recent letter from Mr Eaton, as probably over 100.In the British Islands there are about 60 ferns and filicoid plants.In islands of warmer regions the number is greatly increased.Thus Mr Eaton's Enumeration of the true ferns collected by Wright, Scott, and Hayes, in Cuba, embraces 357 species.The proportions of ferns to phanerogamous plants in the floras of different countries are thus indicated by Professor Balfour, in the " Class Book of Botany," page 998, $ 1604: -" In the low plains of the great continents within the tropics ferns are to phanerogamous plants as 1 to 20 ; on the mountainous parts of the great continents, in the same latitudes as 1 to 8 or 1 to 6 ; in Congo as 1 to 27 ; in New Holland as 1 to 26.In small islands, dispersed over a wide ocean, the proportion of ferns increases ; thus, while in Jamaica the proportion is 1 to 8, in Otaheite it is 1 to 4, and in St Helena and Ascension nearly 1 to 2. In the temperate Zone, Humboldt gives the proportion of ferns to phanerogamous plants as 1 to 70.In North America the proportion is 1 to 35 ; in France 1 to 58 ; in Germany 1 to 52 ; in the dry parts of South Italy as 1 to 74; and in Greece 1 to 84.In colder regions the proportion increases ; that is to say, ferns decrease more slowly in number than phanerogamous plants.Thus, in Lapland, the proportion is 1 to 25 ; in Iceland 1 to 18 ; and in Greenland 1 to 12.The proportion is least in the middle temperate zone, and it increases both towards the equator and towards the poles ; at the same time it must be remarked, that ferns reach their absolute maximum in the torrid zone, and their absolute minimum in the arctic zone."Canada consists of a belt of land, lying to the north of the St Lawrence River and the great lakes.By these it is separated, along nearly the whole extent of its south- eastern and western boundaries, from the northern United States, which thus enclose Canada on two sides.A striking resemblance, amounting almost to identity, is therefore to be looked for in the floras of the two countries.Yet species appear in each that are absent in the other.The species of ferns and filicoid plants which are cer- tainly Canadian, number < . .63 Of these there inhabit the Northern States, .58 Do. do.Southern States, .38 Do. do.Europe, .. 36The following table is designed to show some of the geo- graphical relations of our Canadian ferns.The first column (I.) refers exclusively to the occurrence of the species with- in the Canadian boundary.The plus sign ( + ) indicates that the species is general, or at least does not show any decided tendency towards the extreme eastern or western, or northern or southern parts of the province.The letters N, S, E, W, &c, variously combined, indicate that the species is so limited to the corresponding northern, southern, eastern, or western parts of the province, or at least has a well-defined tendency to such limitation.The mark of interrogation (?) signifies doubt as to the occurrence of the species.The second column (II.) shows what Canadian species occur also in the Northern States, that is the region embraced by A. Gray's Manual ; and the third column (III.)those that extend down south into Chapman's territory.The fourth column (IV.) shows the occurrence of our species in Europe ; C in this column indicating Continental Europe, and B the British Islands.The fifth or last column (V.) shows the species that extend northwards into the Arctic circle -35 in all, of which, however, only 14, or perhaps 15, are known to be arctic in America.Am, As, Eu, and G-in- dicate respectively Arctic America, Arctic Asia, Arctic Europe, and Arctic Greenland.The information contained in the last column has been chiefly derived from Dr Hooker's able Memoir in the Linnean Transactions (vol.xxiii.p. 251)
Again, the stability of the axillary temperature, when a person is exposed to circumstances which tend to depress it, such as resting one foot upon a block of ice-the test, if you remember, which Back applied in selecting sailors for an Arctic voyage-would be a valuable criterion of both a sound circulation and a good nervous system.Lastly, you should practise yourselves in estimating the mental as well as the bodily health; for, as the Latin Grammar taught you, the mens sana is only found in corpore sano.In summary, let me repeat that a sound constitution de- pends upon a body well constructed both inside and out, and upon a balance of functions, circulation, respiration, innervation, digestion, sanguification, each well, all un- ' ptoms.Three or four dark-looking, irregular concretions were produced which had formerly been passed, and which we were told were gall-stones.These were submitted to
Un des symbotes suivants apparaTtra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, salon Ie cas: Ie symboie -^signifle "A SUIVRE", Ie symbols V signifle "FIN ".Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents.Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul clichA.il est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images nAcessaire.Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode.
Abstract This chapter explores a common tension in research methodology. Much research in revolution studies is comparative, focused on cases and a qualitative understanding of particular events through reference to other events. However, recent work has challenged case-specific knowledge of revolutions by demonstrating its shortcomings and the potential of larger comparisons and cross-national, statistical investigation. This is a false dichotomy. A comparative approach does not necessitate denying the advantages of quantitative strategies, nor does the demonstration of average effects in a population deny the utility of case-specific knowledge. This suggests that debates over the generalizability (or lack thereof) of revolutionary theories rest on false premises. Rather, scholars should be clear about the scope conditions of a proffered theory so that future researchers can use it appropriately through application to new cases, elaboration of causal mechanisms, or extension to new levels of analysis. Also, methodology is always in dialogue with theory. An essential issue is recognizing how casing—selection of not only particular instances but also the unit of analysis of those instances—shapes causal stories. The solution to these dichotomies—comparison versus quantification, generalization versus specificity, theory versus method—is self-conscious methodological reflection. Scholars of revolution should be frank about what their methodological choices do: what is gained and lost, how implications are affected, how others should use the conclusions. Reflection of this sort overcomes recursive epistemological debates.
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
