James M. Swanson

University of California, Irvine

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i-10 index

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Lily Hechtman

Montreal Children's Hospital

L. Eugene Arnold

The Ohio State University

Laurence L. Greenhill

University of California, San Francisco

Peter S. Jensen

Realistic Education in Action Coalition to Foster Health

Stephen P. Hinshaw

University of California, San Francisco

Brooke S. G. Molina

University of Pittsburgh

Howard Abikoff

New York University

Jeffrey H. Newcorn

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Timothy Wigal

University of California, Irvine

Betsy Hoza

University of Vermont

Cooperative Institutions

University of California, Irvine

186

Columbia University

123

Harvard University

103

University of Washington

100

National Institutes of Health

Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie

University of California, Los Angeles

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Yale University

University of Toronto

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Encoding, decoding, and central functions in human information processing.

Journal of Experimental Psychology (1970)

George E. Briggs James M. Swanson

10.1037/h0029979

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Citations (53)

The Role of Stress in Brain Development: The Gestational Environment's Long-Term Effects on the Brain.

PubMed (2012)

Claudia Buß Sonja Entringer James M. Swanson Pathik D. Wadhwa

During gestation, the fetal brain develops dramatically as structures and connections form, providing the foundation for all future development. The fetal environment plays a critical role in these early neural processes, for better or for worse. Scientists now know that exposure to maternal stress can sometimes have deleterious effects on the fetus, depending on the cause, timing, duration, and intensity of stress. Fortunately, postnatal interventions, such as a secure parent-infant bond and an enriched environment, can buffer the potential negative consequences.

Brain Development

Prenatal Stress

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Citations (61)

Lateralized deficits in visual attention in males with developmental dopamine depletion

Neuropsychologia (1992)

Suzanne Craft Monica L. Gourovitch S. Bruce Dowton James M. Swanson Susan Bonforte

Right hemisphere

10.1016/0028-3932(92)90107-w

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Citations (40)

Contrast of medical and nonmedical use of stimulant drugs, basis for the distinction, and risk of addiction: Comment on Smith and Farah (2011).

Psychological Bulletin (2011)

James M. Swanson Timothy Wigal Nora D. Volkow

Smith and Farah (2011) presented a scholarly review of critical areas related to their intriguing title "Are Prescription Stimulants 'Smart Pills'?" We contend that they accomplished the main goal of the article, to get the facts straight about possible cognitive enhancement via the nonmedical use of stimulant drugs by individuals without a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At the same time, they justified their main conclusions that (a) individuals are seeking and engaging in nonmedical use of stimulant drugs with the expectations of cognitive enhancement despite uncertainty whether such expectations are valid and (b) on some tasks, there are small average benefits of nonmedical use, but the overall pattern is not clear (e.g., small beneficial effects across most individuals or large beneficial effects only in a few individuals, both of which result in small average effects). We offer comments in 3 areas to amplify key topics mentioned but not emphasized by Smith and Farah: (a) characterization of the cognitive effects of medical use of stimulants to contrast with the cognitive effects of nonmedical use; (b) justification of medical use of stimulants by placement on a normally distributed dimension of behavior rather than categorical diagnosis of ADHD, which varies widely across countries; and (c) evaluation of the potential risks of nonmedical use to individuals and to society (e.g., the likelihood of addiction to stimulant drugs in a small minority of the population) rather than just the potential benefits of cognitive enhancement.

Stimulant

Medical literature

10.1037/a0024898

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Citations (49)

Heterogeneity in the pharmacodynamics of two long-acting methylphenidate formulations for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2007)

Edmund Sonuga‐Barke Pol van Lier James M. Swanson David Coghill Sharon B. Wigal

Pharmacodynamics

Bioequivalence

10.1007/s00787-007-0667-3

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Citations (22)

Effectiveness of Methylphenidate in the 10-Month Continuation Phase of the Preschoolers with ADHD Treatment Study (PATS)

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (2007)

Benedetto Vitiello Howard Abikoff Shirley Z. Chuang Scott H. Kollins James T. McCracken

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine immediate-release methylphenidate effectiveness during the 10-month open-label continuation phase of the Preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Treatment Study (PATS). Methods: One hundred and forty preschoolers with ADHD, who had improved with acute immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH) treatment, entered a 10-month, open-label medication maintenance at six sites. Assessments included the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), CGI-Improvement (CGI-I), Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS), Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP), Scale Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal Behaviors (SWAN), Social Competence Scale, Social Skills Rating System (SSRS), and Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI-SF). Results: For the 95 children who completed the 10-month treatment, improvement occurred on the CGI-S (p = 0.02), CGI-I (p < 0.01), C-GAS (p = 0.001), and SSRS (p = 0.01). SNAP and SWAN scores remained stable. Forty five children discontinued: 7 for adverse effects, 7 for behavior worsening, 7 for switching to long-acting stimulants, 3 for inadequate benefit, and 21 for other reasons. The mean MPH dose increased from 14.04 mg/day ± SD 7.57 (0.71 ± 0.38 mg/kg per day) at month 1 to 19.98 mg/day ± 9.56 (0.92 ± 0.40 mg/kg per day) at month 10. Conclusions: With careful monitoring and gradual medication dose increase, most preschoolers with ADHD maintained improvement during long-term IR-MPH treatment. There was substantial variability in effective and tolerated dosing.

Clinical Global Impression

10.1089/cap.2007.0058

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Citations (108)

Methylphenidate Effects on Functional Outcomes in the Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS)

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (2007)

Howard Abikoff Benedetto Vitiello Mark A. Riddle Charles Cunningham Laurence L. Greenhill

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on functional outcomes, including children's social skills, classroom behavior, emotional status, and parenting stress, during the 4-week, double-blind placebo controlled phase of the Preschoolers with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment Study (PATS).A total of 114 preschoolers who had improved with acute MPH treatment, were randomized to their best MPH dose (M = 14.22 mg/day; n = 63) or placebo (PL; n = 51). Assessments included the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal Behaviors (SWAN), Social Competence Scale (SCS), Social Skills Rating System (SSRS), and Early Childhood Inventory (ECI), and Parenting Stress Index (PSI).Medication effects varied by informant and outcome measure. Parent measures and teacher SWAN scores did not differentially improve with MPH. Parent-rated depression (p < 0.02) and dysthymia (p < 0.001) on the ECI worsened with MPH, but scores were not in the clinical range. Significant medication effects were found on clinician CGI-S (p < 0.0001) and teacher social competence ratings (SCS, p < 0.03).Preschoolers with ADHD treated with MPH for 4 weeks improve in some aspects of functioning. Additional improvements might require longer treatment, higher doses, and/or intensive behavioral treatment in combination with medication.

Clinical Global Impression

Social Skills

10.1089/cap.2007.0068

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Citations (116)

Lessons From the 1918 Flu Pandemic: A Novel Etiologic Subtype of ADHD?

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2020)

James M. Swanson Nora D. Volkow

Pandemic

10.1016/j.jaac.2020.09.024

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Citations (9)

Impact of ADHD and Cannabis Use on Executive Functioning in Young Adults - eScholarship

Leanne Tamm Jeffery N. Epstein Krista M. Lisdahl Susan F. Tapert Stephen P. Hinshaw

BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cannabis use are each associated with specific cognitive deficits. Few studies have investigated the neurocognitive profile of individuals with both an ADHD history and regular cannabis use. The greatest cognitive impairment is expected among ADHD Cannabis Users compared to those with ADHD-only, Cannabis use-only, or neither.MethodsYoung adults (24.2±1.2 years) with a childhood ADHD diagnosis who did (n=42) and did not (n=45) report past year ≥ monthly cannabis use were compared on neuropsychological measures to a local normative comparison group (LNCG) who did (n=20) and did not (n=21) report past year regular cannabis use. Age, gender, IQ, socioeconomic status, and past year alcohol and smoking were statistical covariates.ResultsThe ADHD group performed worse than LNCG on verbal memory, processing speed, cognitive interference, decision-making, working memory, and response inhibition. No significant effects for cannabis use emerged. Interactions between ADHD and cannabis were non-significant. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals who began using cannabis regularly before age 16 (n=27) may have poorer executive functioning (i.e., decision-making, working memory, and response inhibition), than users who began later (n=32); replication is warranted with a larger sample.ConclusionsA childhood diagnosis of ADHD, but not cannabis use in adulthood, was associated with executive dysfunction. Earlier initiation of cannabis use may be linked to poor cognitive outcomes and a significantly greater proportion of the ADHD group began using cannabis before age 16. Regular cannabis use starting after age 16 may not be sufficient to aggravate longstanding cognitive deficits characteristic of ADHD.

Neurocognitive

Cognitive skill

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Citations (2)

Predictive utility of childhood diagnosis of ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder: adult outcomes in the MTA and effect of comorbidity

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2018)

L. Eugene Arnold Arunima Roy Eric Taylor Lily Hechtman Margaret H. Sibley

Persistence (discontinuity)

Conduct disorder

10.1007/s00787-018-1222-0

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Citations (6)