Sara Adda

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale

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Co-Authors

Nicola Pasquino

University of Naples Federico II

D. Franci

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Ligure

Settimio Pavoncello

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Ligure

Stefano D’Elia

Vodafone (Italy)

Tommaso Aureli

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Ligure

Riccardo Suman

Vodafone (Italy)

Marco Donald Migliore

Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale

Fulvio Schettino

Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale

L. Anglesio

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale

Enrico Grillo

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Ligure

Cooperative Institutions

Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale

Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Ligure

Sapienza University of Rome

Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni

Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica

Telecom Italia (Italy)

University of Rome Tor Vergata

University of Naples Federico II

Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale

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Research Field

How 5G NR Signals Impact on the Response of Broadband Electric Field Probes

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (2022)

Sara Adda L. Anglesio Federica Bogo Nicola Pasquino S. Trinchero

New-generation mobile communication systems like long term evolution (LTE) and 5G new radio (NR) use digitally modulated signals with relevant peak-to-average power ratios that may shift the working point of diode-based wideband electric field probes, resulting in an overestimation of the field strength. This article presents a methodology to study the behavior of probes by comparing the readings of 5G signals to those obtained under continuous wave (CW) radiation. Dependence on various signal parameters like center frequency, modulation complexity, time/frequency duplex configuration, signal bandwidth, and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier spacing has been assessed experimentally by making use of test models designed by 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). Results show that overestimation can be as large as several tens of percent and that it is greater for full-frame and larger bandwidth signals and that, therefore, calibration standards must be extended to consider the different behavior of probes with 5G and CW signals.

Wideband

Modulation (music)

Center frequency

10.1109/tim.2022.3227979

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Citations (3)

Assessment of Population Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Due to Systems That Implement Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Between 4G and 5G: Definition of Methods and On-Site Measurements

Sara Adda Tommaso Aureli Tiziana Cassano D. Franci Marco Donald Migliore

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) is a technique that allows different systems, namely 4G LTE and 5G NR, to coexist in the same frame. It is a smart solution for the rapid deployment of the new mobile system over the existing network while building the new dedicated infrastructure. Interleaving of different protocols within the same frame, however, requires that maximum-power extrapolation techniques that have already been validated for 4G and are still under development for 5G are checked for correctness of results when applied to the new transmission scenario.This paper investigates this topic through an experimental approach in different sites where different DSS systems were implemented. Results show that the same tools and methods already developed for LTE signals can be used to estimate maximum exposure levels by DSS systems and that the implementation of DSS does not affect exposure significantly. Moreover, it was also verified that methods for measuring 5G NR signals available in the literature can be applied to DSS signals, obtaining exposure estimates that are fully compatible with those obtained with the methods developed for LTE.

Interleaving

10.1109/metrolivenv54405.2022.9826981

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Selective Electromagnetic Measurements of 4G Signals: Results of an Italian National Intercomparison

Environments (2020)

Lucia Ardoino Sara Adda L. Anglesio E. Barbieri

In June 2016, with the aim of ensuring a global improvement in the performance of the Italian System of the Environmental Agencies (SNPA) and its homogeneity on the national territory, an intercomparison circuit (IC) was planned and conducted concerning the measurements of electromagnetic fields associated with Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile communications, which were very recently introduced at that time. The intercomparison circuit, designed and built according to the criteria of ISO 17043, was organized as part of a consolidated collaboration between the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) and the Piedmont Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (Arpa Piemonte). The results obtained, preceded by a brief description of the entire process of organization and analysis, are the subject of this work. The IC covered in particular: the narrow band measurement procedures used in the field; the choice of decoding, measurement and extrapolation of the synthesis result; the response of the instrumentation, limited to the models in the field. The site chosen by the organizers, primarily characterized through measurements and theoretical evaluation of the field, is the roof of the Lingotto Building in Turin. A total of 27 groups participated in the circuit: 25 SNPA departments (including the organizers Arpa Piemonte and ISPRA) and 2 private labs. All participants provided the results. The outcome of the comparison was decidedly positive: only 2 participants, for whom a joint assessment of possible causes will also be illustrated (according to ISO 5725:2), achieved significantly different results.

Opus

10.3390/environments7010005

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High Noon for Mobile Networks: Short-Time EMF Measurements to Capture Daily Exposure

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (2023)

Sara Adda Luca Chiaraviglio D. Franci Chiara Lodovisi Nicola Pasquino

Exposure from radio base stations is often only monitored over short periods, typically during the daily hours of working days. However, base station exposure can vary throughout the day and even between working days and weekends or holidays. The objective of this study is to determine to what extent short-term exposure measurements taken during daily hours are representative of daily average exposure levels. To achieve this goal, we analyzed a set of long-term measurements taken by monitoring units located in sensitive areas, which are characterized by a homogeneous distribution of users over working hours, such as hospitals, train stations, and university centers. Our results reveal that 6-minute measurements taken on working days can overestimate the average exposure level over 24 hours if taken over a wider time interval than that commonly considered for peak traffic and, therefore, higher exposure. Based on the common pattern of exposure over time in various locations, an extrapolation factor is proposed to predict daily exposure levels from short-time measurements.

Noon

Working time

Time of day

10.1109/tim.2023.3324354

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Citations (3)

Enhanced Methodology to Characterize 3-D Power Monitoring and Control Features for 5G NR Systems Embedding Multi-User MIMO Antennas

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (2023)

Sara Adda Tommaso Aureli Stefano D’Elia D. Franci Nicola Pasquino

Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) is widely used in the fifth generation (5G) cellular network to improve network performance at high traffic loads.When demonstrating the compliance of 5G antennas with the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields standards, beamforming and MU-MIMO must be considered, since a 5G MU-MIMO antenna radiation pattern changes in both the space and time domain, adapting to changes of the user's position.To cope with the time and space variability of the power radiated by 5G systems, mobile operators can activate automatic tools to monitor and control the transmitted power (power lock (PL) systems) to ensure that a given radiated power threshold is not exceeded.This article extends and enhances the methodology introduced by the authors in previous work, by testing and verifying PL systems in an MU-MIMO and beamforming scenario (3-D PL systems, 3DPL) through field measurements, controlling the power transmitted by each beam, i.e., in each direction.Measurement results confirm that the 3DPL feature limits the average power of the traffic channels transmitted in each direction, regardless of the configured total maximum power.More specifically, it is shown that the 3DPL reduces the maximum average transmitted power by the expected 2 dB when only one user is active (i.e., in a singleuser MIMO (SU-MIMO) scenario), while it does not operate any reduction when two users are active (MU-MIMO scenario) because the power transmitted toward each user is already half (i.e., -3 dB) of the maximum power that can be transmitted.

10.1109/tim.2023.3284016

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A Procedure for Evaluating the Reflectivity Level of Anechoic Chambers Based on Numerical Simulations

G. d'Amore L. Anglesio Sara Adda G.C. Bonazzola

Anechoic chamber

Reflection

10.23919/emc.1999.10791636

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Scalar Measurements of 5G mm-Wave EMF Power in NLoS Propagation

Sara Adda Valeria Bottura Stefano D’Elia Nicola Pasquino Riccardo Suman

Non-line-of-sight propagation

10.1109/mn60932.2024.10615587

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Overview of the Basic Concepts of Electromagnetic Field Protection

CRC Press eBooks (2018)

G. d'Amore Sara Adda L. Anglesio

Human exposure to electromagneticfields (EMFs) comes from many different sources in living and working environments. This exposure is continually changing due to technological developments that lead to new EMF-emitting devices, such as wireless consumer devices, and new infrastructure deployment, such as 4th- and 5th-generation mobile phone networks.

10.1201/b22231-5

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A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on the Measurement of the Electromagnetic Field Level Radiated by 5G Base Stations

IEEE Access (2020)

Sara Adda Tommaso Aureli Stefano D’Elia D. Franci Enrico Grillo

This paper presents some theoretical considerations and experimental results regarding the problem of maximum power extrapolation for the assessment of the exposure to electromagnetic fields radiated by 5G base stations.In particular the results of an extensive experimental campaign using an extrapolation procedure recently proposed for 5G signal is discussed and experimentally checked on a SU-MIMO signal.The results confirm the effectiveness of the extrapolation technique.Starting from an analysis (that represents a further novel contribution of this paper) on the impact of Spatial Division Multiple Access techniques used in 5G on the measurement of EMF level, some indications of possible extension of the technique to the highly complex MU-MIMO case are also given.

Effective radiated power

SIGNAL (programming language)

10.1109/access.2020.2998448

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Citations (67)

Measurements of electromagnetic field strength in urban environment from UMTS radio base stations and analysis of the relation with the radiated power

2022 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe (2012)

Valeria Bottura Marco Cappio Sara Adda Stefano D’Elia Davide Vaccarono

Measurements of the Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by 3 UMTS base stations have been correlated with network counters related to traffic variation and radiated power, in order to obtain a more realistic yet conservative calculation of the EMF emitted from a UMTS base station.

UMTS frequency bands

Effective radiated power

Base (topology)

Cellular radio

10.1109/emceurope.2012.6396896

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Citations (2)