Abstract On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was informed that atypical pneumonia-like cases have emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China. WHO identified it as a novel coronavirus and declared a global pandemic on March 11 th , 2020. At the time of writing this, the COVID-19 claimed more than 440 thousand lives worldwide and led to the global economy and social life into an abyss edge in the living memory. As of now, the confirmed cases in Bangladesh have surpassed 100 thousand and more than 1343 deaths putting startling concern on the policymakers and health professionals; thus, prediction models are necessary to forecast a possible number of cases in the future. To shed light on it, in this paper, we presented data-driven estimation methods, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Logistic Curve methods to predict the possible number of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh for the upcoming months. The results using Logistic Curve suggests that Bangladesh has passed the inflection point on around 28-30 May 2020, a plausible end date to be on the 2 nd of January 2021 and it is expected that the total number of infected people to be between 187 thousand to 193 thousand with the assumption that stringent policies are in place. The logistic curve also suggested that Bangladesh would reach peak COVID-19 cases at the end of August with more than 185 thousand total confirmed cases, and around 6000 thousand daily new cases may observe. Our findings recommend that the containment strategies should immediately implement to reduce transmission and epidemic rate of COVID-19 in upcoming days. Highlights According to the Logistic curve fitting analysis, the inflection point of the COVID-19 pandemic has recently passed, which was approximately between May 28, 2020, to May 30, 2020. It is estimated that the total number of confirmed cases will be around 187-193 thousand at the end of the epidemic. We expect that the actual number will most likely to in between these two values, under the assumption that the current transmission is stable and improved stringent policies will be in place to contain the spread of COVID-19. The estimated total death toll will be around 3600-4000 at the end of the epidemic. The epidemic of COVID-19 in Bangladesh will be mostly under control by the 2nd of January 2021 if stringent measures are taken immediately.
ABSTRACT Bangladesh is endowed with an abundance of excellent medicinal plant resources. A well‐known traditional medicinal plant Piper chaba H. from the Piperaceae family is rich in bioactive phytochemicals that have antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic effects. This plant is locally known as “Chuijhal,” and the stem is used as spices. In the current research program, the stems of the P. chaba plant were selected and its chemical and biological investigations such as antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects were performed. Moreover, docking models were accomplished by exploiting PyRx‐Virtual Screening software and implied that isolated compounds of P. chaba exert different pharmacological activity by inhibiting their targeted receptors. Phytochemical investigations revealed the isolation of Chingchengenamide A, a relatively rare alkaloid from the stems of P. chaba . Another alkaloid Chabamide I which is a piperine dimer was also isolated. Their structures were confirmed by comparing these compounds' spectral data ( 1 H and 13 C NMR) with their previously published spectral data. Antidiarrheal activity shows a percent reduction of diarrhea by 46.67% and 40%, respectively, for Chabamide I and Chingchengenamide A (at 20 mg/kg b.w.) compared with an 80% reduction by standard loperamide. Similarly, the percent reduction of writhing was 53.06% and 42.86%, respectively, for Chabamide I and Chingchengenamide A at similar doses compared with an 80% reduction by diclofenac sodium considered as standard. Both the alkaloids showed auspicious outcomes against test microorganisms during disk diffusion antimicrobial assay. Molecular docking and ADME/T analysis of the alkaloids also validate a potent pharmacological basis for the traditional utilization of P. chaba in treating diarrhea, pain, and microbial infection. These results emphasize the need to investigate P. chaba as a potential source of natural therapies for common health issues, laying the foundation for future research.
This study constructed the phytochemical profiles of Adenostemma lavenia (L) methanol extract (MEAL) and investigated its anti-nociceptive, anti-diarrheal, antipyretic, thrombolytic and anthelmintic effects. The GC-MS characterized MEAL had undergone an in vivo antipyretic effect assayed on Swiss albino mice adopting the yeast-induced pyrexia model, antinociceptive activity tested following acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced licking paw models, anti-diarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced intestinal transit tests, in vitro thrombolytic effect using clot-lysis model and anthelmintic effects assayed on Tubifex tubifex nematode. The MEAL biometabolites and associated proteins of target diseases were interacted with computational analysis. The MEAL showed a significant dose-dependent percentage of inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking displaying inhibition of 80.40% in acetic acid-induced writhing and 36.23% and 58.21% in the second phase of the formalin-induced model. The MEAL inhibition of 34.37%, 35.29%, and 42.95% in castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced gastrointestinal motility, respectively. The MEAL significantly reduced yeast-induced pyrexia. Its biometabolites showed remarkable (-4.1 kcal/mol to 7.4 kcal/mol) binding affinity with the protein receptors. Caryophyllene and Cyclobarbital yielded the best binding scores in this research. Results suggest that pure compounds-based pharmacological investigations are necessary to affirm the therapeutic effects.
Bauhinia scandens L. (Family: Fabaceae) is commonly used to treat cholera, diarrhea, asthma, and diabetes disorder in integrative medicine. This study aimed to screen the presence of phytochemicals (preliminary and UPLC-QTOF-M.S. analysis) and to examine the pharmacological activities of Bauhinia scandens L. stems (MEBS) stem extracts. Besides, in silico study was also implemented to elucidate the binding affinity and drug capability of the selected phytochemicals. In vivo anti diarrheal activity was investigated in mice models. In vitro, antibacterial and antifungal properties of MEBS against several pathogenic strains were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. In addition, in silico study has been employed using Discovery studio 2020, UCFS Chimera, PyRx autodock vina, and online tools. In the anti-diarrheal investigation, MEBS showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition rate in all three methods. The antibacterial and antifungal screening showed a remarkable zone of inhibition, of the diameter 14-26 mm and 12-28 mm, by MEBS. The present study revealed that MEBS has remarkable anti-diarrheal potential and is highly effective in wide-spectrum bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, the in silico study validated the results of biological screenings. To conclude, MEBS is presumed to be a good source in treating diarrhea, bacterial and fungal infections.
Caesalpinia digyna (Rottl.) (Family: Fabaceae) is an essential medicinal plant for it's conventional uses against a kind of human disorders. This research aims to investigate the antidiarrheal, antibacterial and antifungal properties of the methanol extract of the stems extracts of the C. digyna (MECD). The in vivo antidiarrheal activity of the stem extracts were evaluated by using castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling and charcoal induced intestinal transit in mice model. Besides, in vitro antimicrobial potentiality of MECD was investigated by the disc diffusion method. In silico activity of the isolated compounds were performed by Schrödinger-Maestro (Version 11.1) software. In addition, The ADME/T analysis and PASS prediction were implemented by using pass online tools. In the antidiarrheal investigation, the MECD exhibited a notable inhibition rate in all test approaches which were statistically significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.1, p < 0.01). MECD 400 mg/kg showed the maximum antidiarrheal potency in all the test methods. In vitro antimicrobial analysis unveiled that, MECD revealed higher potentiality against almost all pathogens and indicates dose-dependent activity against almost all the bacteria and fungi. In the case of in silico evaluation of anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity, all three isolated compounds met the pre-conditions of Lipinski's five rules for drug discovery. Pass predicted study also employed for all compounds. However, The chemical constituents of the C. digyna can be a potent source of anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal medicine and further modification and simulation studies are required to establish the effectiveness of bioactive compounds.
Abstract Background Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott, known as the taro vegetable, possesses various beneficial effects and is traditionally used in folk medicine. This study explores the ameliorative anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effect of a methanolic extract of the Colocasia esculenta flower (ME-CEF) against oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods The antioxidant efficacy of ME-CEF was assessed using ABTS and DPPH scavenging assay. The hepatoprotective effect was investigated by an assessment of liver injury indicators (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, creatinine) and normalizing lipid profiles (CHO, TG, LDL, and HDL) along with histopathological study and anti-oxidant enzymes (CAT). A qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was performed, including GC-MS/MS analysis and an in-silico molecular docking study. Results The result showed that ME-CEF possesses moderate ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 values of 117.18 and 160.41 µg/ml. As illustrated by reducing liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, creatinine) and lipid profile (CHO, TG, LDL) and raising HDL levels (p < 0.01), ME-CEF dose-dependently mitigated CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Furthermore, ME-CEF blocked hepatic oxidative stress by boosting anti-oxidant enzymes (CAT) and Preventing liver tissue damage and apoptosis. In silico investigations also showed an auspicious binding affinity with TNF-α, IL-6, PRAP-1, Xanthin oxidoreductase which displayed antioxidant and hepatoprotective candidacy while notable safety and efficacy profile was also documented through ADME/T studies. Histopathological analysis showed reduced hepatocellular necrosis and vascular congestion in silymarin and extract groups. Conclusion Based on these results, our findings strongly recommend the medicinal use of the plant, highlighting its antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials.
Since the first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was reported in December 2019, it has become a pandemic, which is one of the most severe global health crises. In 2022, more than 100 million people in around 210 countries have been reported to be infected and about two million people have been reported to have died because of COVID-19. Then, new variants continued to evolve and can threaten public health, international trade as well as activities of globalization. This chapter presents a literature review based on the articles published in English and indexed on authentic databases. Using the search tools, 73 out of 252 articles about COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were identified and the summary of all relevant studies has been discussed in this review work. It was found that during SARS-CoV-2 infection, various inclusive factors weaken immunity and thus decrease the ability of the body to fight against infectious diseases. Besides, SARS-CoV-2 undergoes certain mutations and the rate of mutation drives genomic variability and viral evolution, thereby enabling the virus to develop resistance against variable drug agents. Moreover, cell pyroptosis is a new type of inflammatory programmed cell death, which is reported in some COVID-19 cases. Despite recent success with vaccines, the discovery of proper therapeutics against this viral infection is still a major concern. Thus, to ameliorate the emergency, the utilization of repurposing drugs and/or traditional therapies is also reported across the world. The entire world is working together to deal with this pandemic and thus this review can be considered a handy and informative tool regarding the origin, evolution, virology, mutations, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatments of COVID-19.
Lygodium microphyllum Cav. (Family: Lygodiaceae) is a perennial, snake fern and an invasive weed in Florida and also known as old world climbing fern. This study is intended to evaluate the antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activity of methanol extract of Lygodium microphyllum Cav. leaves (MELM) by in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches. In addition, Biovia, PyRx autoDock Vina, UCSF Chimera have been applied to investigate the docking study in order to evaluate the binding interaction and an online tool was used to explore the ADME/T properties of selected bioactive compounds. In acetic acid induced writhing study, MELM inhibited 44.28% and 56.61% of writhes at 200 and 400 (mg/kg) respectively compared to standard drug Diclofenac-Na (10 mg/kg) (74.42% inhibition). In anti-inflammatory experiment by formalin triggered licking method, MELM caused significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of licking in both early phase (42.97%, 63.30%) and late phase (43.35%, 63.03%) at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, whereas reference drug Ibuprofen inhibited paw licking 77.18% in early phase and 76.86% in late phase. MELM also showed promising antipyretic potential where the maximum reduction of fever was produced by MELM 400 mg/kg whose fever lowering capacity is close to the prescribe drug Indomethacin 4 mg/kg, i.p. In Castor oil triggered diarrhea method, MELM delayed the onset time of diarrhea, continuous persistence of wet feces, and decreased the weight of wet feces remarkably. Defection inhibition was achieved 27.56% and 51.72%, for MELM 200 and at 400 (mg/kg) respectively while loperamide 2 (mg/kg) yields 55.17% inhibition of the diarrheal defecation. In anthelmintic bioassay, MELM took 5.83 ± 0.83 and 41.67 ± 1.78 min respectively for paralyzing and death compared to standard drug albendazole; (paralysis time 4.00 ± 0.73 min and death time 31,00 ± 1.71 min). Isoeleutherol, isoquercetin and quercetin were found prominent in molecular docking study and ADME/T analysis verified their drug likeliness. The research validates the moderate analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and remarkable antipyretic, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic activities of the plant extract which can be used an alternative source of novel therapeutics.
The present study was meant to explore the thrombolytic action of methanol extract of Senna sophera stems (MESS) and Caesalpinia digyna stems (MECD) alongside streptokinase as positive control and saline water as negative control. In the In vitro thrombolytic model, the MESS stems and MECD stems has been indicated 32.79±4.51% and 9.19±0.80% clot lysis individually. Between two extracts, MESS stems. has been demonstrated the noteworthy percent of clot lysis (32.79±4.51%) with reference to streptokinase (66.09±2.37%). From our investigation it has been uncovered that between the plants, MESS stems uncovered moderate thrombolytic action. In this way, steps ought to be taken to search in vitro clot dissolving potential and to isolate dynamic segments of MESS Stem for clot lysis are proposed to found. After found, MESS Stem could be recommended as a clot lysis agent in the treatment of patients experiencing disease related with blood clot (Myocardial Infraction, Hypertension, atherosclerosis, Peripheral artery sickness, heart attack and so forth)”.
