The objective of the study was to standardize the protocol for effective and mass multiplication of four wine and juice making grape (Vitis vinifera L.) genotypes, viz. Pusa Navrang, Hybrid 76-1 (Hur × Cardinal), Pearl of Csaba and Julesky Muscat. Culture initiation was undertaken on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0, 4.0 mg/l benzyl amino purine (BAP) and Kinetin individually and in combination with 0.2 mg/l naphthyl acetic acid (NAA). Explant subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0, 4.0 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) singly and in combination with 200 mg/l activated charcoal (AC). The rooted plants (30-day-old) were hardened using rooting medium consisting of coco peat + vermiculite + perlite (2:1:1). Among the different growth regulators tried for highest culture establishment (73.85%), minimum day to axillary bud sprout (9.31) and rooting (16.46%), maximum root length (6.28) with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA treatment. Highest culture establishment recorded in the genotype Pusa Navrang (45.34%) followed by in Julesky Muscat (44%). Multiplication rate per 5 subcultures was recorded the maximum in Pusa Navrang (5.6) followed by Pearl of Csaba (5.1), and Hybrid 76-1 (4.9). In the present investigation, the application of MS medium containing growth regulators BAP (2 mg/l) + NAA (0.2 mg/l) and IBA (2 mg/l) + AC (200 mg/l) found best for culture initiation and rapid multiplication, respectively. For hardening using glass jar with polypropylene (PP) cap was a better strategy.
In the present study the data on the frequencies of different gene arrangements in three natural populations and mass culture and isofemale laboratory stocks have been analysed in order to test interchromosomal interactions in D. ananassae
About 90% of the word’s contraceptive users are women. Contraceptive choices are available but with lot of side effects. Condom, vasectomy, withdrawal are very few contraceptive choices are available for males. However, as noted earlier, exploratory research has indicated that certain Piper betle and Calendula officinalis ingredients have contraceptive properties. This work gives a view mainly on the contraceptive properties of these plant extracts. Plant samples were collected from different states of India. Motility of sperm depends on mitochondrial activity present in mid-piece of sperm. In the present study, the mitochondrial activity of sperm was evaluated after treating semen with different concentrations of Piper betle and Calendula officinalis. The mitochondrial activity was also evaluated after subjecting the semen samples for different incubation time periods. Test was done on more then 75% motile normozoospermic semen sample. It was found that as the concentration of extracts increases the mitochondrial activity decreases significantly (p < 0.001), similar results were observed when constant concentration of extracts with increasing time intervals. The mitochondrial activity decreases significantly (p < 0.001) in 5 minutes to 20 minutes incubation time. Experiment indicates that Piper betle and Calendula officinalis have properties to decrease mitochondrial activity in human sperm.
Karnal bunt of wheat, incited by a phytopathogen Tilletia indica (Syn. Neovossia indica) is a floret infecting disease. In the floral tissues fungus proliferates and produces massive amount of black spores. In smut fungi, belonging to order Ustilaginales, communication between cells is necessary to regulate growth, differentiation and monokaryotic to dikaryotic transition during pathogenic and sexual development. Neighbouring cells are able to communicate with each other by direct cell to cell contact through plasma membrane bound signaling molecules or through formation of gap junctions and alternatively through secretion of chemical signals if cells are some distance away. Current research efforts toward understanding of pathogenic and sexual development in phytopathogenic fungi, offer a number of opportunities. These include the analysis of molecular signal(s) for direct contribution of sexual interactions to ability of smut and bunt pathogens to cause disease. These efforts will provide not only to explore the mechanisms of pathogenesis, but also to enhance knowledge of basic cellular biology of an economically important group of fungi.
Objective: The major objective of this study was to see that enzyme loci located on the same chromosome (intra chromosomal) or different chromosomes (interchromosomal) exist in equilibrium or not. Material and methods: In gel analysis was performed following native gel electrophoresis to collect data regarding presence of specific enzyme variants. Based on quantitative data on the frequency of different allozyme combinations, intra- and inter-chromosomal associations between such enzyme loci were studied, in natural populations as well as their mass culture stocks of D. ananassae. Results: In natural populations of this species, out of 195 allozyme loci comparisons, non-random associations among different genotypic combinations existed in only four comparisons (2.05%), indicating that these enzyme loci exist in equilibrium. Almost similar results were observed for mass culture stocks, except that the nonrandom cases in mass culture socks were slightly higher (6.67%). Conclusion: The results of this investigation clearly denote that intra- and inter-chromosomal associations between different enzyme loci exist in linkage equilibrium in natural populations as well as in mass culture stocks of D. ananassae. The most probable reason for this random association is due to substantial amount of crossing over between the linked enzyme loci and reasonable survival of all possible combinations.
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