Background. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a well-characterized entity that may share clinical and morphological findings with other low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Dissemination of MALT-type lymphoma to bone marrow and peripheral blood simultaneously with the presence of T-large granular cell leukemia (T-LGL) has rarely been reported. Case Presentation. This is the case of a 42-year-old male who presented with a gastric MALT-type lymphoma, disseminated to the bone marrow and the peripheral blood with high serum IgM levels and t(11;18)(q21;q21). The morphological, immunophenotypical and, immunohistochemical studies of the successive bone marrow and peripheral blood samples had revealed the coexistence of two distinct lymphoma cell populations: a B-cell, marginal zone type population expressing CD19, CD20, CD22, CD79b, IgM, and kappa light chain, and a T-large granular cell population, developed after treatment with rituximab expressing CD3, CD8, CD5, CD7, and CD45. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of this unusual case we performed an extensive review of the literature to elucidate the relationship between T-LGL and B-cell lymphomas and to emphasize the importance of paraprotein analysis at diagnosis of gastric MALT lymphoma.
Composite lymphoma is a rare entity of lymphoma where two types of lymphoma are present synchronously. We recently encountered two cases of composite lymphomas that are not rare in the morphology and pathology only, but also rare in the site of involvement and presentation. In this report we present a case of composite lymphoma that presented as primary splenic lymphoma, the second case presented with GI symptoms due to its presence in the colon.
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with an annual incidence of 5 per million people. Ophthalmic lymphoma is also rare, accounting for 5%–10% of all extranodal NHL.1 Primary involvement of ocular adnexa constitutes 8% of all nondisseminated NHL of extranodal origin.2 According to the largest study published of 353 cases of ocular adnexal lymphomas, mantle cell lymphoma is rare and comprises only 5% of ocular adnexal lymphomas (32% bilateral and 63% with prior lymphoma).3 Furthermore, intraocular involvement of MCL is extremely rare.4 We report a case of a 70-year-old man with a history of mantle cell lymphoma in relapse who presented with conjunctival and choroidal involvement. A 70-year-old man with a history of systemic mantle cell lymphoma in relapse presented with acute redness, blurry vision, and black spot in the right eye. No pain was reported. He was being treated for his mantle cell lymphoma with a new regimen of chemotherapy (Ibrutinib + rituximab) and had undergone a bone marrow transplant 1 year before presentation with a relapse 20 days later. His history goes back to 7 years before presentation when his MCL was diagnosed and remission achieved with R-Hyper-CVAD/cytarabine/MTX chemoimmunotherapy regimen, which employs rituximab, hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone, alternating with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine. However, the patient relapsed 6 years later and was treated with the chemoimmunotherapy regimen (R-ICE), which combines rituximan, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate, followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT), but he relapsed 20 days post auto-HCT. The patient was subsequently treated with ibrutinib + rituximab. On examination, his visual acuity was counting fingers at 2 m in the right eye and 20/25 in the left. Ocular motility and intraocular pressures were normal. Hertel exophthalmometry measurements were within normal limits. Ectropion was noted in both eyes. Slit lamp examination of the right eye showed 2 pink salmon-patch lesions 15 × 10 mm and 25 × 10 mm in size involving the inferotemporal and the superonasal aspect of the conjunctiva, respectively (Fig. 1). There was a white pseudohypopyon and +3 cells in the anterior chamber.Figure 1.: Clinical photographs and B-scan ultrasound images of the right eye at diagnosis (A–C) and posttreatment (D and E). (A), 15 × 10 mm lesion of the inferotemporal conjunctiva. (B), 25 × 10 mm lesion of the superonasal conjunctiva. (C), B-scan Ultrasound shows a choroidal mass (double arrows) with serous retinal detachment (arrow). (D), Clinical image shows resolution of the conjunctival lesions 2 weeks posttreatment. (E), B-scan Ultrasound 2 weeks posttreatment shows resolution of choroidal mass with residual retinal detachment.Dilated fundus exam revealed a subretinal mass with serous retinal detachment. B-scan showed a choroidal lesion (Fig. 1). An magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and orbits showed posterior retinal detachment of the right eye with irregular thickening of the choroid anteriorly with homogenous enhancement. There were no orbital lesions. The patient was scheduled for conjunctival biopsy and an anterior chamber tap. The cytological examination of the conjunctival biopsy touch prints revealed the presence of numerous atypical lymphoid cells showing mostly medium to slightly large size cells with frequently increased nucleocytoplasmic ratios. Nuclei were round or partially clefted and contained relatively open chromatin with occasionally small nucleoli. The cytoplasm was scanty and basophilic with no granules or Auer rods seen. Conjunctival biopsy showed diffuse proliferation of medium sized lymphoid cells occupying extensively the lamina propria. They stained positive for CD5, Cyclin D1, Pax5, CD20, and BCL2; and negative for TDT and CD34. K167 staining was extremely positive (Fig. 2). The immunophenotypic analysis of 100,000 acquired events from conjunctival lesion and anterior chamber cells showed results that were comparable within the 2 analyzed samples. T lymphoid cells represented almost 20% of the total nucleated cells and expressed all the tested pan T-cell markers (CD3, CD5, and CD7). B lymphoid cells were significantly increased representing 70%–80% of the total counted nucleated cells. They were monoclonal and expressed mostly the following immunophenotype: CD5+, CD10−, CD19 (dim), CD20++, CD22+, CD23−, CD34−, CD45+, CD79b+, CD200−, LAMBDA+ (Fig. 2). The findings were consistent with ocular infiltration by mantle cell lymphoma showing immunophenotypic features comparable to those previously described at diagnosis from bone marrow aspirate 7 years before this presentation except for a significantly decreased intensity of CD19 expression. The patient was also referred back to oncology for management of systemic condition.Figure 2.: Conjunctival biopsy (A–C) and Immunophenotyping (D) of lymphoma cells. (A), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (20×). (B), Cyclin D1 by immunostaining (20×). (C), Pax5 by immunostaining (20×). (D), Immunophenotyping of lymphoma cells (population in red) by flow cytometry as performed on ocular fluid showing CD5+, CD10−, CD19 (dim), CD20++, CD22+, CD23−, CD34−, CD45+, CD79b+, CD200−, LAMBDA+.The chemotherapy regimen was changed to ibrutinib, rituximab, gemzar, oxaliplatin, and dexamethasone. On follow-up, 2 weeks later, visual acuity was improved markedly to 20/25 in the right eye. On slit lamp examination, the conjunctival lesions resolved completely, the pseudohypopyon was reduced, and the anterior chamber cells decreased to +1. Dilated examination showed only mild subretinal fluid inferiorly with no mass. B-scan done confirmed mild subretinal fluid inferiorly and resolved choroidal mass. On follow-up, 2 weeks later, the findings were rather stable except for complete absence of anterior chamber cells and almost totally resolved pseudohypopyon. Dilated fundus examination and B-scan showed no tumor recurrence and decreased subretinal fluid inferiorly. The patient passed away few months after the last follow-up. As the patient was lost to follow up, the reason of death remained unknown. Our patient presented with unilateral ocular adnexal lymphoma with involvement of the conjunctiva by 2 separate lesions and was known to have mantle cell lymphoma in relapse. In addition, he had intraocular lesions involving the choroid and anterior segment. Lymphoma can present in the eye and orbit as 2 forms: primary lymphoma or secondary extension of a known primary lymphoma.5 Therefore, our patient represents a rare case of secondary ocular and ocular adnexal lymphoma of the mantle cell type. Intraocular involvement with MCL is extremely rare with only 7 case reports in the literature (Table 1).6 Although involvement of the ocular adnexal region (OAR) with MCL is more common in secondary (63%) compared to primary (37%) disease,3 involvement of the intraocular region appears to be almost always associated with a prior history of systemic disease. Rowley et al7 reported the only case of primary intraocular MCL presenting as a choroidal mass. The remaining 6 reports described secondary ocular involvement; however, none of the cases consisted of unilateral ocular and adnexal involvement like our case. To the best of our knowledge, our case is unique as it is the first to involve unilaterally the choroidal and adnexal regions simultaneously. Table 1 - Mantle Cell Lymphoma With Intraocular Involvement. Authors, (Year) Sex/Age Primary/Secondary Ocular and Adnexal Involvement Cytologic Features Treatment after Ocular Involvement Time to Respond + Status Reid et al. (2014)5 M/71 y Secondary Left eye iris Not reported Chemo/XRT Improved 90 days later. Worsened 120 d post chemo/XRT. Died 2 wks after last examination Agarwal et al. (2015)6 M/58 y Secondary Right iris and anterior chamber Blastic variant Systemic Ibrutinib and intravitreal injections of MTX, ranibizumab, and Rituximab. Ibrutinib therapy tapered after 3 mo due to concern of side effects Partial Remission at 1 wk and 3 mo Rowley et al. (2000)7 M/57 y Primary Left choroidal mass Small lymphocytes, convoluted nuclei, single nucleolus EBRT 34 Gy No disease recurrence 34 mo after EBRT Ahn et al. (2010)12 M/57 y Secondary Bilateral choroidal involvement Not reported Dexamethasone + EBRT 2000 cGy (200 cGy × 10 fractions) + Bortezomib for systemic involvement Almost complete regression of ocular disease 2 wks after treatment but progression of systemic adenopathy Chappelow et al. (2008)13 F/51 y Secondary Bilateral pan ocular involvementa Not reported Prednisone. EBRT 14 Gy (2 Gy × 7 fractions) + Tositumomab started 1 wk later for widespread cutaneous involvement Bilateral resolution of ocular disease 1 wk after EBRT initiation. Ocular examination unremarkable 7 wks after presentation Economou et al. (2007)14 M/71 y Secondary Bilateral iris Polygonal lymphoid cells Fludarabine + cytosine arabinoside achieved partial regression in 2.5 mo. One month later, right iris recurrence was treated with Rituximab + EBRT 100 Gy (20 Gy × 5 fractions) Complete resolution of ocular involvement 7.5 mo after initial ocular presentation. Paratracheal involvement 12 mo after initial ocular presentation led to death from bilateral pneumonia 4 mo later Pei et al. (2019)15 M/59 y Secondary Bilateral ciliary body masses Small malignant cells EBRT 40 Gy (2 Gy × 20 fractions) bilaterally + intravitreal MTX in left eye Complete remission of symptoms in 1 mo. Disappearance of ciliary body masses in 12 mo. Relapsed 29 mo after EBRT with peripheral LN involvement and rapid deterioration. Death 1 mo later from chemo side effects Our case M/70 y Secondary Right uvea and conjunctiva Blastic variant Ibrutinib + Gemcitabine + Oxaliplatin + Dexamethasone + Rituximab Complete resolution of ocular lesions 2 wks after treatment. Patient passed away few months later (unknown cause of death) aCutaneous eyelid nodules bilaterally; salmon patch of right bulbar conjunctiva; Pseudohypopyon, iris thickening, vitreous infiltration bilaterally.Chemo/XRT = chemotherapy/radiotherapy; EBRT = external beam radiation therapy; LN = lymph node; MTX = methotrexate. MCL is classified into 4 subgroups or variants based on the cytology: small cell, marginal zone-like, pleomorphic, and blastoid. The blastoid and pleomorphic variants behave more aggressively than other MCL variants.8 Median overall survival time is 14.5 months for the rare blastoid variant as compared to 53 months for patients with more common forms of MCL such as those composed of homogeneous population of small- to medium-sized cells, confirming the very poor prognosis of the blastoid variant.9 Our patient cytological examination showed atypical lymphoid cells consistent with blastoid variant with medium to slightly large sized cells and frequently increased nucleocytoplasmic ratios. Our patient relative prolonged survival (7 y) can be partly explained by the addition of rituximab to his chemotherapy regimen. The leukemic cells from the anterior chamber tap and ocular lesions had decreased CD19 antigen expression as compared to those from the bone marrow aspirate. This finding can be due to the effect of the ocular medium on these cells. Many treatment regimens have been evaluated for recurrent MCL with various success rates. There is no clear consensus on the optimal treatment regimen for MCL. Also, several studies reported different responses to treatment of recurrent MCL with ocular and OAR involvement (Table 1). In general, treatment of localized OAL is with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), while systemic disease is treated with chemoimmunotherapy with or without EBRT. EBRT is the gold standard treatment in isolated conjunctival lymphoma with 5-year local control rates ranging from 89% to 100%. The optimal dosing of EBRT is unclear but doses higher than 35 Gy exacerbated post-treatment toxicity and morbidity while low, fractionated doses alleviated it.10 Combining chemotherapy with rituximab for stage IVE MCL is superior to chemotherapy alone with better 10-year disease-specific survival.11 Our patient with systemic involvement of MCL was treated with a chemoimmunotherapy-based regimen including iburtinib, rituximab, gemzar, oxaliplatin and dexamethasone. Our patient’s median survival in relation to initial diagnosis of his systemic disease was favorable when compared with studies that employed regimens without rituximab,9 which might be due to the efficacy of this molecule in treating MCL. In summary, this case presents an extremely rare example of secondary ophthalmic MCL unilaterally involving the conjunctiva and the choroid. Although more studies are needed to establish best management options, early diagnosis with tissue biopsy and a combination of chemoimmunotherapy appears to be effective for secondary ocular and ocular adnexal MCL. The immunophenotypic study of both ocular and peripheral leukemic cells is important, especially when immunotherapy is planned. More studies of ocular and adnexal MCL are needed to better characterize its clinical behavior and to enable meaningful conclusions regarding treatment response. Disclosures The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose
Giant fibroadenomas are exceptional in pregnancy and in most of cases, diameter doesn’t reach more than 15 cm. However, our case is a rare one that reached 18 cm in a 23-year-old female referred post-partum for evaluation of a huge left breast mass. On the other hand, there is a persistent debate regarding the best modality of the surgical approach to giant tumors; most of the experts recommend the enulceation of the tumor after delivery while others argue that extirpation during pregnancy is the best since we have to exclude malignancy. In our patient, the whole tumor was excised at the postpartum period and the pathology did not show any sign of malignancy. Even if our case does not clearly reveal the long term result of the postpartum excision of a giant fibroadenoma, the short term result we have had after this approach was satisfying. Further studies are important to be published in order to confirm pros and cons of the postpartum approach.
Abstract Background Synchronous malignant histiocytoses are rare conditions that occur concurrently with another hematologic neoplasm. Most reported cases are associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, while associations with T-cell hemopathies are less common. These two diseases may share mutations and/or cytogenetic anomalies, which can lead to malignant proliferations. In such cases, the term “secondary malignant histiocytosis” can be applied. Case description A 26-year-old patient was diagnosed with anaplastic lymphoma kinase negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma [ALK-ALCL] associated with synchronous malignant histiocytosis. Neoplastic cells were distinguished by the exclusivity of the rearrangement of TCR genes within the lymphoma cells, whereas mutations in the KRAS and TP53 genes affected mono-histiocytic cells. However, these two cells populations shared common chromosomal abnormalities. First line treatment protocol included Brentuximab vedotin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and methylprednisolone. Despite a partial clinical and biological response after cycle 1 of treatment, the patient was refractory at the end of cycle 2. Patient died in the intensive care unit from a multiple-organ failure related to lymphohistiocytic hemophagocytosis. Conclusion This case represents the first documented instance of synchronous malignant histiocytosis associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Notably, the uniqueness of this case lies in the absence of TCR rearrangement in the histiocytic cells, despite the presence of shared chromosomal abnormalities with the lymphomatous cells indicating a common origin for both neoplastic proliferations. Considering the rarity of such occurrences, the use of histiocytosis targeted therapy alongside conventional lymphoma treatment warrants consideration in such a context.
We report the case of a 2-year-old Lebanese male child, known to have congenital factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency, who presented to the emergency department with somnolence and projectile vomiting without any head trauma. He has been on a prophylactic dose of 10 IU/kg of FXIII concentrate every 4 weeks since birth, but he missed his last 2 doses due to shortage of supply. Imaging studies showed an epidural hematoma with a midline shift. The child was started on 20 IU/kg of FXIII replacement, and a left parietal craniotomy was performed immediately. He tolerated the surgery well with an uneventful postoperative course. Previous DNA analysis carried out for the family members detected a small deletion (c.1475-1476delGA) in exon 12 in this child and his eldest brother. This mutation has been previously reported once in another Lebanese child with FXIII deficiency who presented with spontaneous splenic rupture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of acute nontraumatic spontaneous epidural hematoma in a child with congenital FXIII deficiency. Furthermore, patients on FXIII replacement therapy have less bleeding events, thus lifelong adherence to the prophylaxis is essential to decrease the morbidities and the mortalities associated with FXIII deficiency, most notably intracranial hemorrhages.
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a common cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The postpartum period is a precipitating cofactor. An additional heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis (HIT/T) leads to a life-threatening condition in which transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) seems to be the only life-saving procedure. We describe the case of a subacute BCS and PVT in the late postpartum period. The diagnosis was established using CT scan, MRI, and Doppler ultrasonography of abdominal vessels and the laboratory findings were compatible with PV. After a successful creation of TIPS, a HIT/T worsened the hemorrhagic and thrombotic picture. TIPS procedure was successfully repeated and heparin was replaced with Fondaparinux and then vitamin K antagonist. The treatment with interferon alpha-2A, started after the normalization of liver functions, resulted in a complete remission within 6 months. The JAK2 V617F mutation clone remained undetectable after 2 years' follow-up.
Introduction: Rosia-Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic disorder that presents as generalized lymphadenopathy. Rarely, patients experience atypical extra-nodal manifestations which can mimic other diseases. Case Presentation: We report a challenging diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease in a 52-year-old female presenting with isolated symptomatic neuropathic pain. After excluding common diseases, a challenging diagnosis was made based on imaging, CSF studies and clinical progression that showed thoracic spine involvement and emperipolesis confirming RDD diagnosis and with a great clinical response to corticosteroids. Discussion: Clinical, laboratory and radiologic manifestations of the disease can vary a lot depending on the areas involved and patient progression. This can lead to challenges in establishing the diagnosis and deciding on treatment. Then unusual, first reported manifestations in our patient made the diagnosis exceptionally challenging, highlighting the importance of this report. Conclusion: This disease can have an atypical presentation that should be detected early to avoid any delay in diagnosis or treatment. Unusual cases must be reported to aid in such a difficult diagnosis in future similar cases.
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