Zemedkun Alemu

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

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Tsegaab Tesfaye

Ambo University

Nurhussein Seid Yesuf

Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute

Sileshi Getahun

Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute

Gerald Blasch

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Kitessa Gutu Danu

Ambo University

Shiferaw Hassen

Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute

Netsanet Bacha Hei

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

Yoseph Alemayehu

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Wulita Wondwosen

Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute

Nurhussen Seid

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

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Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute

Ambo University

Agricultural Research Center

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Debre Berhan University

Hawassa University

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz Y Trigo

Newcastle University

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

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Enhancing Onion Yield Through Integrated Weed Management Tactics in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia

Peruvian Journal of Agronomy (2024)

Sileshi Getahun Zemedkun Alemu Nurhussein Seid Yesuf

Las malas hierbas juegan un rol importante en la reducción de la producción y la productividad de la cebolla en Etiopía. Existe poca información sobre la gestión en las tierras bajas y cálidas de Ethiopia. Este estudio evalúa la eficacia de las tácticas integradas de control de las malas hierbas en los cultivos de cebolla. En el campo, los tratamientos se dispusieron en un diseño de bloques completos aleatorizados (DBCA) con tres repeticiones. Los datos recogidos fueron las especies de malas hierbas, la densidad y el peso seco de las malas hierbas, además, el rendimiento de la cebolla y los rasgos de rendimiento en la madurez. El campo experimental estaba infestado por especies de malas hierbas herbáceas y de hoja ancha incluida la juncia, la especie de mala hierba predominante. El resultado del rendimiento de la cebolla y rasgos de rendimiento fueron significativamente (p < 0.05) diferentes entre tratamientos. La azada a tres manos y la Pendimetalina 500 SC + Oxifluorfeno 24 EC apoyado por escarda a una mano en el día 70 después de de trasplante demostraron una eficacia superior en el control de las malas hierbas, lo que se tradujo en un aumento del rendimiento de los bulbos de cebolla. rendimiento de los bulbos de cebolla. El análisis coste-beneficio indicó que estos dos métodos de control de las malas hierbas ofrecían la mejor relación coste-beneficio (15.84 y 13.25 respectivamente) y se recomiendan para la gestión de malas hierbas en la producción de cebolla. El uso de pendimetalina en preemergencia seguida de la aplicación en el momento oportuno de Oxyfluorfen 24 EC y la escarda manual después del trasplante puede suprimir eficazmente las malas hierbas y mejorar la eficacia de su control.

10.21704/pja.v8i3.2190

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Physiological Races of <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> in Ethiopia in 2019/2020

American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (2022)

Kitessa Gutu Tsegaab Tesfaye Netsanet Bacha Tamrat Negash Daniel Kassa

Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici is constant biotic constraint of wheat production across the world. Because of quick alteration of genetic makeup of wheat stem rust pathogen; monitoring shift in virulence within pathogen is crucial to avoid sudden occurrence of epidemics due race change. This study was to identify physiological races stem rust pathogen in Ethiopia during 2019 cropping season. Wheat stem rust samples were collected during 2019 main cropping season from major wheat growing areas of Oromia, Amhara, Tigray and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples regions of Ethiopia. Besides, samples were also collected from Afar region where wheat was grown by irrigation during off season. The samples where isolated on universally wheat stem rust susceptible line (McNair) for the sake of mono pustule isolation and multiplication to have sufficient spores. Each isolates where inoculated on twenty standard differential lines and each line was evaluated after fourteen days to determine the races. Eight stem rust races namely, TKKTF, TKTTF, TTTTF, TKKTT, TTKTT, TTRTF, TKPTF and TTKTF were identified from samples analyzed; TKKTF was identified from 175 (44.1%) stem rust isolates, while TTTTF was detected from 73 (18.4) samples analyzed. In addition, TKTTF was isolated from 70 (17.8%) samples; however, TTKTF, TTKTT, TTRTF, TKPTF and TKKTT were recorded from 48 (12.1%), 21 (5.3%), 4 (1%), 1 (0.25%) and 1 (0.25%) samples analyzed in the season. TTKTT races have 95% virulence spectra to stem rust resistance genes with in differential lines. Resistance genes (Sr24) that is available in most of commercial varieties worldwide became ineffective with these races. Therefore, breeding program should focus on searching for more sources of resistance to virulent races of the pathogen.

Stem rust

Puccinia

Rust (programming language)

10.11648/j.ajaf.20221002.15

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Distribution, Epidemics dynamics and physiological races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici Eriks and E. Henn) on irrigated wheat in the Awash River basin of Ethiopia

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2021)

Nurhussein Seid Yesuf Sileshi Getahun Shiferaw Hassen Yoseph Alemayehu Kitessa Gutu Danu

ABSTRACT Wheat is one of the high value important major crops of the globe. However, wheat stem rust is considered one of the determinant threats to wheat production in Ethiopia and the globe. So this study was conducted with the objective to assess disease intensity, seasonal distribution dynamics, and genetic variability and to determine virulence spectrum of stem rust in the irrigated wheat areas of Ethiopia . A total of 137 wheat farms were evaluated from 2014/15 - 2019/20 in six districts of Awash River basin. Farm plots were assessed every 5 - 10 km interval with ‘X’ fashion, and data on disease incidence, severity, and healthy plants were scored with diseased wheat plant samples collection for stem rust race analysis. The seasonal trend of wheat stem rust disease was also compared to see the future importance of the diseases. The result revealed that the prevalence, incidence, and severity of stem rust were significantly varied among the different districts and seasons in the two regions. The survey results also indicated that about 71.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust during the 2018/19 growing season. The overall incidence and mean severity of the disease during the same season were 49.02% and 29.27%, respectively. During 2019/20 about 63.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust, which, however, the incidence ( 30.97% ) and severity ( 17.22% ) were lower than the previous season. Although the seasonal disease distribution was decreased, its spatial distribution was expanding into Lower Awash. The physiological and the genetic race analysis identified four dominant races ( TTTTF, TKTTF TKKTF, and TTKTF ) during 2018/19 and additional race ( TKPTF ) during 2019/20. Thus races are highly virulent and affect most of the Sr genes except Sr – 31 and Sr – 24. TTTTF and TKKTF are the widest virulence spectrum which affects 90% of the Sr genes. Thus, it can be concluded that the spatial and seasonal distribution of the disease was expanding. Moreover, most of the races were similar with rain-fed production, and thus care must be given for effective management of the diseases to both agro-ecologies. Therefore, these findings provide inputs or insight for breeders to think about the breeding programs in their crossing lines and wheat producers to reduce the damage of the disease in the irrigated ecologies . ETHICAL STATEMENT Thus, surveys were conducted with the lateral aim of rust epidemics early warning and monitoring support program in the Awash River basin. Samples for this study were collected from farmers’ fields of the irrigated production areas in the Awash River basin. The disease was an air-borne disease that is difficult to contain. Still, we give maximum care during surveying through spore-free through self-sanitation after Pgt infested field observation to minimize induced disease dissemination to the communities in the production areas that no specific permissions were required for these locations. Field sites are on public access, and P. graminis f. sp. tritici is already an air-born pathogen that doesn’t need special protection kinds. This work was our study experience in the endeavor in irrigated wheat technology dissemination.

Stem rust

Puccinia

Rust (programming language)

Growing season

10.1101/2021.03.22.436408

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Susceptibility of African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to selected pyrethroid Insecticides on Cotton

Research Square (Research Square) (2021)

Zemedkun Alemu

Abstract Abstract Helicoverpa armigera is a major threat for all cotton production areas in Ethiopia. Pests control with insecticides from a single chemistry group is common practice in most cotton farms, which may help to the development of insecticide resistance. The studies aimed to determine the susceptibility of the field population of H. armigera to pyrethroid insecticides. The experiment was carried out at Werer Agricultural Research Center under the laboratory condition using larva immersion and square dip methods. The selected insecticides were tested in seven dilutions levels. In each dilution 30 larvae of 3 rd instars, H. armigera were treated in three replications along with pure water. A low level of resistance was detected for all tested locations to alphacypermethrin and a high resistance ratio to lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin for Gewane and Werer populations. Aplhacypermethrin was the most toxic insecticide and its LC 50 was low compared to other tested synthetic pyrethroids. Whereas, deltamethrin was the least toxic insecticide with high LC 50 . The LC 50 value of the Goffa-Sawla population was significantly different among the populations for Werer, Upper-Awash, and Gewane in both bioassay methods . The study concluded that Helicoverpa armigera might have resistant to deltamethrin in Werer and Gewane populations. Further studies on the monitoring of resistance are recommended.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-633192/v1

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Distribution, dynamics, and physiological races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) on irrigated wheat in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia

PLoS ONE (2021)

Nurhussein Seid Yesuf Sileshi Getahun Shiferaw Hassen Yoseph Alemayehu Kitessa Gutu Danu

Wheat is one of the high-value major crops in the world. However, wheat stem rust is considered one of the determinant threats to wheat production in Ethiopia and the world. So this study was conducted to assess the disease intensity, seasonal distribution dynamics pattern, the genetic variability of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici , and to determine the virulence spectrum in the irrigated ecology of the Awash River Basin. Totally 137 wheat farms were evaluated, from 2014/15–2019/20 in six districts representing the Upper, Middle, and Lower Awash River Basin. Farm plots were assessed, in every 5–10 km intervals, with ’X’ fashion, and data on disease incidence, severity, healthy plants were counted and recorded. Diseased samples were collected from the diseased wheat stem by Puccinia graminis physiological and genetic race analysis. The seasonal trend of stem rust disease progress showed its importance to infer the future progresses of the disease for the country’s potential production plan of irrigated wheat. The result revealed that the disease prevalence, disease incidence, and severity were significantly varied; among the different districts and seasons in the two regions. The survey results also indicated that about 71.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust during the 2018/19 growing period. The disease’s overall incidence and mean severity during the same season were 49.02% and 29.27%, respectively. In 2019/20, about 63.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust, disease incidence 30.97%, and severity 17.22% were lower than the previous season. In 2019/20, even though seasonal disease distribution decreased, the spatial distribution was expanding in Afambo and Dubti districts. Four, stem rust dominant races were identified (TTTTF, TKTTF TKKTF, and TTKTF) by physiological and genetic race analysis during 2018/19 and one additional race (TKPTF) in 2019/20, production year. The result indicated that the races are highly virulent and affect most Sr genes except Sr31 and Sr24. From the race analysis result, TTTTF, and TKKTF have the broadest virulence spectrum race, which affects 90% of the Sr genes. Generally, we can conclude that the spatial and seasonal distribution of the disease is expanding. Most of the races in the irrigated areas in the Basin were similar to that of rain-fed wheat production belts in Ethiopia, so care must be given, to effective management of the diseases, in both production ecologies towards controlling the spore pressure than race variability. Therefore, these findings provide inputs for wheat producers to reduce the spread and disease’ damage in the irrigated ecologies of Ethiopia. Also, it gives an insight for breeders to think about the breeding program in their crossing lines.

Stem rust

Puccinia

Rust (programming language)

Wheat leaf rust

10.1371/journal.pone.0249507

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Manejo de plagas de sésamo en Etiopía: una revisión

Peruvian Journal of Agronomy (2022)

Zemedkun Alemu Workishet Taye

Sesame is Ethiopia’s most significant oil crop, especially Tigray, Amhara, and some lowland Oromia, Somalia, and the Gambella region. Consequently, the crop is exposed to a wide range of insect pests feeding on leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds affecting sesame yields. This article review provides information on the biology, nature of the damage, and management methods of economically important sesame pests. Sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel) is the most common and frequently encountered pre-harvest pest of sesame. Sesame seed bugs, Elasmolmus sordidus (Fabricus) is also the most serious under field and storage conditions. Gall fly, Asphondylia sesami (Felt) could become a severe insect issue because of sesame gall formation, and Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) is a critical stored pest and a significant challenging of crop sesame in Ethiopia. Reports on minor pests are also listed. This paper summarizes current knowledge on pest management strategies, including cultural, biological, and botanical methods, and pesticide applications. The information gathered here indicates that the bioecology, host range, host plant resistance, the occurrence of insecticide resistance, and the development of integrated pest management methods for economical insect pests need to be addressed.

10.21704/pja.v6i3.1973

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