An automatic control system consists of an algorithm that acts as the brain of the controller.Control system design theory explores the methods of designing a system's algorithm in away that ensures stability and accuracy [1]. Dynamical systems must be reliable, accurate andstable in closed-loop operation as a central goal in controller design. A well-designed feedbackcontroller can be an investment that saves both money and lives [2]. Furthermore, bothoptimality and robustness play a vital role in situations of uncertainty. It is more important togeneralize a control strategy than to overfit it to specific tasks at one time interval. Automationand intelligent systems rely heavily on feedback systems. Most of the control strategies arestill implemented using a PID control, a Proportional-Integral-Derivative strategy because ofits easy implementation. As a result, there have been plenty of latestworks covering various aspects such as analysis, numerical tools, design, tuning andimplementation of PID controllers for different applications. An automatic voltage regulator(AVR) is an important application of the PID controller. The function of AVR system is toregulate the output voltage of a synchronous generator used in the production of electricity.There are many optimisation algorithms used for tuning the parameters of PID controllers inliterature. An Enhanced Crow Search-based Assessment (ECSA) of automatic voltageregulator (AVR) optimization [3] is used to address the drawbacks of Crow Search-basedAssessment (CSA-PID). ECSA was characterized by improved convergence rates and lowvalues for integral indices, including ISE, IAE, ITAE, and ITSE. In addition to unimodal andmultimodal functions, the enhanced algorithm was tested on 23 fixed-dimension multimodalfunctions as well [3]. All test functions were statistically analyzed and their memory capacitiescalculated. Several advantages of ECSA include achieving global best with fewer iterationsand a shorter development cycle. Although its search strategy did not prove effective andconvergence was not assured. The parameters of four different PID controllers are designedusing hybrid simulated annealing – Manta ray Foraging Optimization algorithm [4] which is acombination of simulated annealing (SA) and Manta Ray for Foraging Optimization (MRFO)algorithms. The SA algorithm is used to initialize the population of MRFO convergence speed.The PID controller designed using (SA-MRFO) outperforms the other types of the controllerdesign algorithms. A new Fractional Order Fish Migration Optimisation (FOFMO) algorithm isused to optimise the PID controller parameters [5] that mimic the swim and migrationbehaviour of fish biology. Compared to the original FMO, FOFMO is superior, and FOFMOtuned PID controllers have stronger performance than other contrast algorithms [5].The goalof this paper is to give a concise overview of optimization algorithms used in PID controllersfor automatic voltage controller applications.
Training and development of employees is critical in organisations in this era of competition due to the fact that organizations need to survive, grow and develop. The work focused on “a detailed analysis on training needs”. It is the process of system of procedures, training, and methods to monitor an organization’s impact of training program conducted. This work was conducted at Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Kochi. The perception and attitude of the employees have a greater impact on the success of any organization. The analysis focuses to employees satisfaction level towards training, towards trainer and training environment. This research design adopted is descriptive type. The sample size is taken as 100 respondents in Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Kochi. The needed data were collected by both primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected from structured questionnaire which are following in the open end, closed end and likert scale. For this study ANOVA and independent sample t test is used to compare the means of the samples. The study will help the organization for identifying the developmental needs and areas prior to each training program
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design and development of a patient-specific implant for zygomatic area of a patient suffering from mucormycosis (fungal infection). The paper describes how integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D printing can be successfully used for developing custom implants for the sites for which readymade optimal solutions are not available. Design/methodology/approach The CT scan data of the patient were used for the generation of a 3D model. The healthy side of skull was mirrored and copied on the infected part, which served as a base for designing the implant. The prototype of the implant was printed using fused deposition modelling before finally printing in Ti6Al4V alloy using direct metal laser sintering process. Findings The custom designed implant fitted well to the patient’s skull during surgery. Proper facial aesthetics were maintained post-surgery. Originality/value The work describes the application of CAD-based image processing software and additive manufacturing in the development of a custom implant for the sites for which no readymade optimal solution is available.
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