Background and Objectives: Thyroglobulin (Tg) is considered a sensitive indicator of iodine status for children and adults, but its usefulness for pregnant women is unknown. The aim of this study was attempting to explore the relationship between Tg and iodine status and the association between elevated Tg and thyroid diseases. Methods and Study Design: A total of 2163 pregnant women were recruited in this study. The ratio of urine iodine concentration and urine creatinine concentration (UI/Cr) was measured in spot urine samples. Serum thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin were measured. Thyroid nodules and thyroid volume were diagnosed by ultrasound. Results: The geometric mean of serum Tg was significantly higher in the UI/Cr ＜100 μg/g group (10.94 [2.47] μg/L) and the UI/Cr ＞500 μg/g group (11.48 [2.35] μg/L) than in the 150-249 μg/g group (9.64 [2.32] μg/L). The generalized linear model analysis showed that Serum log(10) Tg concentration was much higher in the UI/Cr ＜100 μg/g group (β=0.052, p=0.026) than in the 150-249 μg/g group. Multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that elevated Tg may be a risk factor for both goiter (OR=8.30) and thyroid nodules (OR=2.73). Conclusions: Pregnant women with UI/Cr ＜100 μg/g have a higher Tg, and those with elevated Tg concentrations have a higher risk of thyroid nodules and goiter. Tg can be a functional biomarker of iodine deficient, thyroid nodules and goiter.
<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To explore trimester-specific thyroid function changes under different iodine statuses throughout pregnancy. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the pregnancy iodine status, and 2,378 healthy pregnant women covering all 3 trimesters were recruited. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by collecting spot urine samples. Blood samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function. Thyroid B-ultrasonography was conducted to measure the thyroid volume (Tvol). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The median UIC was 168 μg/L (111–263 μg/L). The UIC, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were significantly decreased as the pregnancy progressed (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> for trend <0.001), while Tvol increased (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> for trend <0.001). Thyrotropin (TSH) was significantly different between the 3 trimesters and showed an upward trend (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but the <i>p</i> for trend was not significant (<i>p</i> for trend = 0.88). After stratification by UIC, there were no significant differences in serum TSH, FT4, or FT3 level between UIC groups. Tvol was significantly higher in the UIC ≥500 μg/L group in the first trimester (β: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.09–3.72, <i>p</i> <0.001), as well as in the 250 ≤ UIC < 500 μg/L group (β: 1.65, 95% CI: 0.61–2.70, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and UIC ≥500 μg/L group (β: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.96–4.74, <i>p</i> < 0.001) in the third trimester. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> No difference was observed in TSH, FT3, or FT4 among the different iodine status groups throughout pregnancy. Tvol increased as the pregnancy progressed, and it was especially higher in the UIC ≥500 μg/L group in the first and third trimesters.
Few iodine balance studies have been conducted in school-age children.This study aimed to conduct an iodine balance study in school-age children.We measured daily iodine intake, excretion, and retention for 3 consecutive days without any dietary interventions in school-age children. Linear mixed-effects models were used to fit the relationship between total iodine intake and iodine retention.29 children aged 7-12 years (mean age 10.2 ± 1.4 years) with normal thyroid function and thyroid volume were recruited. The 0 balance value (iodine intake = iodine excretion, iodine retention = 0 μg/day) shifted with iodine intake in an iodine sufficient population. The 0 balance value for school-age children with an iodine intake of 235 (133, 401) μg/day is 164 μg/day. Children aged 7-12 years with iodine intake >400 μg/day were almost all in a positive iodine state.An iodine intake of 235 (133, 401) μg/day for children aged 7-10 years achieved a 0 balance value of 164 μg/day. Long-term iodine intake of >400 μg/day is not recommended.
One hundred and fifteen new patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism were received thyroid suppression test after cessation of 6 month course of drug therapy. The results of follow up for another 12 months were that one of them had lost, 48 cases were in remission, and 66 cases had relapsed. The present study shows that thyroid suppression test, including the 4th, 6th and 24th hour suppression rates, is useful in predicting the outcome of drug therapy. The effect of 6th hour suppression rate is better than that of 24th and 4th hours, with 75.8% sensitivity, 75.0% specificity and 75.4% accuracy when 30% of thyroid suppression rate is as out-off point which is decided by ROC curve. It is suggested that 6 hour 30% suppression rate is better than the traditional 24 hour 50% suppression rate in the prediction of outcome of drug therapy.
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