R. H. Etebarian

University of Tehran

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C. J. Mirocha

University of Minnesota

Rivers Woodward

Blue Ridge Area Health Education Center

M Okhovat

University of Tehran

Daniel T. O’Gorman

Summerland Research and Development Centre

M Haidarian Aghakhani

Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

P. L. holberg

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Weiping Xie

Chinese Academy of Sciences

J. Zad

University of Tehran

R. D. Wilcoxson

The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

P. L. Sholberg

Summerland Research and Development Centre

Cooperative Institutions

University of Minnesota

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Plant (United States)

University of Tehran

Summerland Research and Development Centre

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

University of Minnesota System

Seoul National University

Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya

University of Minnesota Crookston

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Production of trichothecene mycotoxins byFusarium graminearum andFusarium culmorum on barley and wheat

Mycopathologia (1994)

C. J. Mirocha Weiping Xie Yichun Xu R. D. Wilcoxson Rivers Woodward

Fusarium culmorum

10.1007/bf01104274

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Citations (68)

Relative Virulence of Botrytis cinerea and B. mali in Apple Lesions

Plant Health Progress (2010)

R. H. Etebarian Daniel T. O’Gorman P. L. Sholberg

Botrytis cinerea and recently B. mali have been identified as important postharvest pathogens of apples in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Three isolates of both B. cinerea and B. mali were studied alone and in combination by inoculating mature ‘Gala’ apple fruit to compare their potential for causing decay. The fruit were incubated at 20°C for 6 and 8 days when lesion areas were calculated from lesion diameters. The lesion areas in apples inoculated with B. cinerea ranged from 1020 to 1514 mm 2 compared to 130 to 293 mm 2 for B. mali after 6 days. Primers developed to specifically amplify B. mali or B. cinerea were used in a PCR test to determine which Botrytis spp. was present in a particular lesion and estimate the quantity of each species. Relative fluorescent intensity of DNA extracted from apple tissue co-inoculated with B. cinerea + B. mali and amplified with the B. cinerea specific primer averaged 102.3%. On the other hand, the fluorescence produced by the B. mali primer averaged only 11.6% from the same DNA samples. These results confirmed that when both B. cinerea and B. mali are mixed together, B. cinerea becomes the dominant pathogen. Accepted for publication 2 July 2010. Published 20 September 2010.

Primer (cosmetics)

10.1094/php-2010-0920-01-rs

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Citations (1)

Monitoring population levels ofPseudomonas fluorescenslabeled with green fluorescent protein, using fluorescence microscopy and direct fluorescence scanning techniques

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology (2006)

R. H. Etebarian P. L. holberg

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 1100-6 is an effective biocontrol agent for apple blue mold, but more information is needed on its interaction with pathogens. The objective of this study was to develop a technique to evaluate the population levels of strain 1100-6 on wounded apples, in the presence or absence of Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum, the apple blue mold pathogens, using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. Cells of strain 1100-6 labeled with GFP (strain 1100-6 GFP) were monitored by fluorescence microscopy or direct fluorescence scanning (Storm® scanning system) with a digital imaging software for quantifying fluorescence produced by either technique. There was a strong linear correlation between cell number and fluorescence intensity of strain 1100-6 GFP-labeled cells, for standard cell suspensions, with both fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence scanning techniques. This relationship was maintained in ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with 1100-6 GFP, in the presence or absence of challenge inoculation with pathogenic Penicillium spp. Fluorescence intensity in apple wounds inoculated with 1100-6 GFP was determined after 4 and 9 days at 20 °C, and after 25, 35, and 40 days at 5 °C. The concentration of strain 1100-6 GFP increased over time at both temperatures, in the presence or absence of pathogens. Fluorescence due to GFP was not detected by fluorescence microscopy or scanning in apple tissue taken 1 cm away from the site of inoculation. Uses of fluorescence microscopy or direct fluorescence scanning for determining cell numbers of a GFP-labeled bacterium are discussed. Keywords: apple blue mold Malus domestica Penicillium expansum Penicillium solitum postharvest decay Pseudomonas fluorescens green fluorescent protein

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Strain (injury)

10.1080/07060660609507278

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Citations (5)

Barley leaf stripe disease.

PubMed (2002)

J. Zad M Haidarian Aghakhani R. H. Etebarian M Okhovat

Leaf stripe is one of the most important diseases of barley in Iran especially in Gorgan, Mazandran and near Tehran (Varamin). Most obvious symptoms of the disease are described. Long pale or yellow stripes become darker as the fungus sporulates on the leaf surface. Infected plants usually are stunted and produce sterile spikes, rarely a few seeds are produced. Infected spikes and late-forming tillers may produce fertile spikes. The fungus is seed brone and survives in the outer layers of infected seed. To study the seed-borne disease, we have used the different methods (ISTA). Coleoptiles of seedlings are infected by the fungus under cool, moist conditions, a soil temperature below 15 degrees C is necessary for seed infection. The fungus penetrates through coleoptiles and grows systemically within the plant, produces toxin and kills cells and discolors leaf tissue between veins, thus causing striped lesions. When conditions are wet or humid, spores are produced on the surface of leaves at above the time spikes of healthy plant. Morphological characteristics of the vegetative and reproductive structures of the fungus show that it is Drechslera graminea (Rabenh) Shoemaker.

Coleoptile

Drechslera

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Citations (4)