In conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique, the subcarriers have uniform spaces. The channel gains of the subcarriers are the uniform samples of the channel frequency response. This method may not be efficient when the channel has variable gains in different subcarriers. In this paper we propose a new multicarrier modulation scheme based on generalized Fourier transform. In the new scheme the channel gains of the subcariers are the samples of the channel frequency response but with nonuniform sampling spaces, which is referred as ldquopseudordquo subcarrier spaces in this paper. When the channel information is available at the transmitter, it is possible to avoid the frequency null by adjusting the pseudo subcarrier space. Computer simulations give some demonstrative examples.
Introduction Residue incorporation is a crucial aspect of anthropogenic land management practices in agricultural fields. However, the effects of various returning strategies on the soil microbiota, which play an essential vital role in maintaining soil health, remains largely unexplored. Methods In a study conducted, different residue management strategies were implemented, involving the application of chemical fertilizers and residues that had undergone chopping (SD), composting (SC), and pyrolysis (BC) processes, with conventional fertilization serving as the control (CK). Results and discussion Using metagenomic sequencing, the analysis revealed that while all residue returning strategies had minimal effects on the diversity (both α and β ) of microbiota, they did significantly alter microbial functional genes related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) cycling, as well as the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogens. Specifically, chopped residues were found to enhance microbial genes associated with C, N, P, and S cycling, while composted residues primarily stimulated C and S cycling. Furthermore, all residue treatments resulted in a disruption of relationships among nutrient cycles, with varying degrees of impact observed across the different management strategies, with the sequence of impact being SD < SC < BC. Moreover, the residue additions resulted in the accumulation of ARGs, while only SC caused an increase in certain pathogens. Finally, through analyzing the correlation network among indices that exhibited active responses to residue additions, potential indicators for functional changes in response to residue additions were identified. This study further offered recommendations for future cropland management practices aimed at enhancing soil health through microbiomes.
Dynamic Channel Allocation is an important part of the Radio Resource Management in CDMA/CDD systems. In this paper we propose a new algorithm for code and time-slot allocation method when a new user applies for resources. The new algorithm consists of 2-dimensional searching. A set of candidate slots is first selected from the available slots. Then the spreading code with smallest spreading factor in the candidate slots is selected and assigned to the new user. By the scheme, the algorithm jointly optimizes the allocation of code and time slot.
OFDM is a practical and efficient modulation technology. Frequency synchronization for OFDM is very important because the carrier frequency offset (CFO) will damage the performance. Based on the correlation between the front half-symbol and the back half-symbol, a cost function is deduced which varies with the carrier frequency offset as a sine function, and then a new carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm is presented. The papers will all be in a 2-column format and the final publication will be A4 size
The platform consists of three modules, which are pre-configured bioinformatic pipelines, cloud toolsets, and online omics' courses. The pre-configured bioinformatic pipelines not only combine analytic tools for metagenomics, genomes, transcriptome, proteomics and metabolomics, but also provide users with powerful and convenient interactive analysis reports, which allow them to analyze and mine data independently. As a useful supplement to the bioinformatics pipelines, a wide range of cloud toolsets can further meet the needs of users for daily biological data processing, statistics, and visualization. The rich online courses of multi-omics also provide a state-of-art platform to researchers in interactive communication and knowledge sharing.
The Airport Gate Assignment Problem (AGAP) is a key optimization problem in air transportation. Heuristic methods are often used to solve AGAP. However, existing heuristic methods have drawbacks such as lack of generality, and inability to adjust dynamically in real-time. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hyper-heuristic framework for AGAP. A hyper-heuristic algorithm (GBHH) is further developed based on the framework and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). Improvements are made to the encoding and decoding processes of GEP to enhance the search performance. Experimental results show that the hyper-heuristic algorithm proposed in this paper performs satisfactorily compared to genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing algorithm (SA) and hybrid algorithm (HSATS), especially in terms of search efficiency.
HfO2-based ferroelectric (FE-HfO2) thin films have aroused great interests of miniaturizing the integrated ferroelectric devices in the past decade. To construct the scaling rule of the devices, it is necessary to evaluate the scaling laws on several performance aspects of FE-HfO2 simultaneously. Since the dielectric properties of ferroelectric thin films play a critical role in the devices, we present a systematical study of thickness scaling effects on the dielectric properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) ferroelectric thin films in this work. The evolutions of ferroelectricity and dielectric constant with thickness and annealing temperature are firstly investigated, and analyzed by the crystallographic properties. Then the thickness scaling effects on the frequency dependent dielectric properties are explored for the HZO thin films annealed at the optimal temperatures. It is revealed that the degradation of dielectric constant with frequency and the dielectric loss value become faster and larger with decreasing the thickness, respectively. Based on the deeply analysis of polarization switching kinetics, we find that the polarization switching speed, fundamentally governed by the grain size, is responsible for the thickness dependence of the evolutions of dielectric responses with frequency. Those results will be the key supplements for constructing the scaling rule of HfO2-based ferroelectric devices.
ABSTRACT Valsa is a genus of ascomycetes fungi within the family Valsaceae that includes many wood destructive pathogens. The species such as Valsa mali and Valsa pyri that colonize fruit trees are threatening the global fruit production. Rapid host adaptation and fungicide resistance emergence are the main characteristics that make them devastating and hard to control. Efficient disease management can be achieved from early infection diagnosis and fungicide application, but lack of understandings of their genetic diversity and genomic features that underpin their pathogenicity evolution and drug resistance is essentially impeding the progress of effective and sustainable disease control. Here, we report genome assemblies of Valsa malicola, Valsa persoonii and Valsa sordida which represents close relatives of the two well known Valsa mali and Valsa pyri that cause canker disease with different host preferences. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that segmental rearrangements, inversions and translocations frequently occurred among Valsa spp. genomes. Genes identified in highly active regions exhibited high sequence differentiation and are enriched in membrane transporter proteins involved in anti-drug and nutrient transportation activities. Consistently, we also found membrane transporter gene families have been undergoing significant expansions in Valsa clade. Furthermore, unique genes that possessed or retained by each of the five Valsa species are more likely part of the secondary metabolic (SM) gene clusters which suggests SM one of the critical components that diverge along with the evolution of <I>Valsa</I> species. Repeat sequence content contributes significantly to genome size variation across the five species. The wide spread AT-rich regions resulted from repeat induced point C to T mutation (RIP) exhibited a specific proximity to secondary metabolic gene clusters and this positional proximity is correlated with the diversification of SM clusters suggesting a potential companion evolution between repeat sequence and secondary metabolism cluster. Lastly, we show that LaeA , the global regulator of secondary metabolic gene cluster, exhibiting diverged manner of regulation on the expression of clusters in vegetative and invasive mycelia of the devastating V. mali indicating the complexity of secondary metabolism in fungal species.
OFDM is a practical and efficient modulation technology. Frequency synchronization for OFDM is very important because the carrier frequency offset (CFO) will damage the performance. Based on the correlation between the front half-symbol and the back half-symbol, a cost function is deduced which varies with the carrier frequency offset as a sine function, and then a new carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm is presented. The papers will all be in a 2-column format and the final publication will be A4 size. (5 pages)
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