The Cr carbide and Cr nitride coatings with thicknesses of approximately 8.5 and 90 μm were prepared on 316H stainless steel (SS) to investigate the corrosion behavior in contact with static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic at 550 °C for 25, 76 and 207 h. The coatings were synthesized by pack chromizing and subsequent gas nitriding. The results showed that a distinct LBE penetration layer appeared on the surface of the as-received 316H SS after exposure to LBE. Pack-chromized coating and pack-chromized + gas nitrided coating did not undergo apparent consumption in LBE in early stages. Cracks on pack-chromized coating promoted the preferential diffusion of oxygen and Pb-Bi. The Cr in the pack-chromized + gas nitrided coating slightly diffused outward to combine with O to form Cr-oxides scale on the coating surface. The coatings act as a barrier to LBE corrosion, making the surface of the coating impermeable to LBE.
High yield and superior quality are the main objectives of rice breeding and research. While innovations in rice breeding have increased production to meet growing demand, the universal issue of balancing high yield and susperior quality has led to a lack of focus on improving rice quality. With rising living standards, improving rice quality has become increasingly important. Rice grain quality is a complex trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with four primary aspects: milling quality, appearance quality, eating and cooking quality, and nutritional quality. While different populations have varying demands for rice quality, the core traits that contribute to rice quality include grain shape and chalkiness in terms of appearance, as well as endosperm composition that influences cooking and sensory evaluation. Researchers have made substantial advancements in discovering genes/QTLs associated with critical traits including appearance, aroma, texture, and nutritional properties. Markers derived from these genetic discoveries have provided an efficient tool for marker-assisted selection to improve rice quality. Thus, this review focuses on elite genes and their applications in breeding practices to quickly develop superior quality rice varieties that meet various market demands.
Abstract Artillery has become a vital component of modern military arsenals due to its high operational cost-effectiveness. The modularized turret is of great significance for artillery, as it improves the applicability of combat scenarios and the efficiency of logistic maintenance, while reducing the overall cost of maintenance throughout the weapon’s lifespan. This paper begins by defining a re-configurable modular turret and then proceeds to present the latest developments in turret modularization around the globe, with a particular focus on their current applications in the field of artillery. Secondly, the research trend of the reconfigurable modular turret is reviewed in terms of the ammunition supply system, the overall structural design, and the optimization of artillery. Finally, the key technologies of modular turrets are discussed in order to provide a reference for the development of reconfigurable modular turrets.
The instability of the river channels has increased in response to the combined effects of global warming and human activity. This instability threatens the lives and property of people who live along river courses. This study takes the Pingluo section of the upper Yellow River, which is ~28 km long and ~400 m wide, as its research focus. We studied 11 periods of Landsat remote sensing images from 1973 to 2023 and analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of the Pingluo section over the past 50 years. The channel morphology indices included the channel braiding index (BIT), the bar braiding index (BIB), the average area of the bar (Ab), and the width of the wet channel area (BW). The results showed that there was an overall shrinking trend in this section of the Yellow River; more particularly, fluctuations in indicators such as the river width and the braiding index highlighted an increasing–decreasing–increasing pattern of change. During the 1973–1986 period, the river showed a widening trend, with narrow anabranches cutting through the floodplain and both the river width and the braiding index increasing dramatically over a short period. Over the 1986–2018 period, the area of the wet channel continued to shrink to its lowest level for the past 50 years, the river’s branches were diverted and abandoned, and the channel tended to straighten out. Between 2018 and 2023, the river showed a slightly expanding trend. The evolution of the river channel appears to be related to regional human activity and climate change. For example, after the joint filling of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Pingluo section of the Yellow River in 1986, runoff and sediment load along this section decreased, flood events became less frequent, and the channel tended to contract. In addition, the increase in extreme precipitation events over the last five years has led to an increase in the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge values in the region, which is the main reason for the increase in the river braiding index and area.
Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) overexpression is implicated in atherosclerosis. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of lentiviral-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) of Lp-PLA2 on inflammation and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were randomly allocated to control and experimental groups, and constrictive collars were used to induce plaque formation. Eight weeks after surgery, the lentiviral-mediated RNAi construct was used to silence expression of Lp-PLA2. Control and experimental lentivirus was transfected directly into carotid plaques or administered systemically. Tissues were collected for analysis 7 weeks after transfection. Inflammatory gene expression in the plasma and atherosclerotic lesions was then determined at the mRNA and protein levels. We observed no differences in body weight and plasma lipid levels at the end of the investigation. However, the expression levels of Lp-PLA2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced in the RNAi groups, compared to the controls, whereas the plasma concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines was markedly increased. Moreover, our results demonstrated a significant reduction in plaque area and lipid content, as well as a rise in collagen content following RNAi treatment. Importantly, when comparing the two methods of viral delivery, we found that transluminal local transfection exhibited enhanced improvement of plaque stability as compared to systemic administration. Inhibition of Lp-PLA2 by lentiviral-mediated RNAi ameliorates inflammation and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. In addition, transluminal local delivery of Lp-PLA2 shRNA is superior to systemic administration for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
The root architecture is crucial for the robust growth and nutrient absorption in cereals. However, it is urgent to identify the factors that simultaneously optimize root architecture and nutrient utilization in wheat. In this study, a beneficial role of the class II AP2/ERF transcription factor WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE (WFZP) on lateral root number (LRN), root length (RL), and nitrogen utilization is revealed. In addition, interactors of WFZP including TaSYD are identified, as a subunit of the chromatin remodeling complex. The Tasyd mutants show a significant reduction in LRN, RL, and nitrogen uptake efficiency, resembling the phenotype of wfzp mutants. Furthermore, it is revealed that the WFZP-TaSYD module promotes the expression of root development and nitrate uptake-related genes by modulating chromatin accessibility and histone modifications. Finally, an elite allele (WFZP-A-I) associated with improved LRN and thousand-grain weight (TGW) is identified. Hence, these findings not only unveil the mechanisms underlying the coordination of root development and nitrogen uptake efficiency, but also provide valuable targets for breeding high-yield crops.
Genomic selection (GS) is a sophisticated breeding technology that utilizes genomic markers in conjunction with phenotypic data to predict breeding values and phenotypes of candidate populations. The foundation of GS is the construction of precise genomic prediction (GP) models. Traditional GP models, which are typically linear in nature, encounter difficulties in capturing non-linear relationships within genetic data, thereby constraining their capacity to adequately characterize complex genetic architectures. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel deep learning framework, namely contrastive learning and chromosome-aware network (CLCNet), which has been specifically tailored for plant GP. The architecture of CLCNet comprises two key modules: a contrastive learning module designed to capture phenotypic variations, and a chromosome-aware module that accounts for the effects of linkage, as well as local and global epistasis. The performance of CLCNet was evaluated across eight datasets representing seven plant species: maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), millet (Setaria italica), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), rapeseed (Brassica napus), and soybean (Glycine max). In comparative assessments against three classical models (rrBLUP, Bayesian Ridge, Bayesian Lasso), two machine learning approaches (LightGBM, SVR), and two other deep learning models (DNNGP, DeepGS), CLCNet exhibited superior performance, achieving higher Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) and lower root mean squared errors (RMSE). Due to its superior prediction accuracy, generalization capability and scalability in high-dimensional datasets, CLCNet is expected to be a powerful tool for future GS applications in the field of plant breeding.