Tao Yu

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

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Yang‐Yi Sun

China University of Geosciences

Chunliang Xia

China University of Geosciences

Xiangxiang Yan

China University of Geosciences

Xiaomin Zuo

China University of Geosciences

Tian Mao

China Meteorological Administration

Libo Liu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Jin Wang

China University of Geosciences

Na Yang

China Earthquake Administration

Weixing Wan

Tianjin Hospital

Biqiang Zhao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Chinese Academy of Sciences

110

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

China University of Geosciences

Institute of Geology and Geophysics

Wuhan University

Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

University of Science and Technology of China

China Meteorological Administration

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

National Space Science Center

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Functional Specialization for Language Processing in Inferior Frontal Regions During Early Childhood: Evidence from functional near-infrared spectroscopy individual functional channels of interest approach

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2025)

Haolun LUO Tao Yu Qun Li Sheng Li

Early language acquisition represents a fundamental achievement in cognitive development, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this process remain debated. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with an innovative functional Channel of Interest (fCOI) approach, we investigated the functional specialization for language processing in bilateral inferior frontal regions during early childhood. In two experiments involving adults (N=20) and toddlers (N=22, ages 2-4 years), participants completed language processing and cognitive control tasks. Results demonstrated early functional specialization in the language-selective region of left inferior frontal gyrus, which showed selective responses to linguistic content while remaining insensitive to cognitive demand manipulations in both age groups. However, language selectivity in the homologous right hemisphere region was present only in adults, suggesting continued development of language organization beyond early childhood. The MD regions showed complementary patterns, with right-hemispheric selectivity for cognitive control emerging early. These findings provide evidence for early neural specialization of language processing in the left hemisphere, while revealing ongoing development in right hemispheric organization. Our results support models of early language-specific neural circuits rather than gradual differentiation from domain-general mechanisms, while highlighting the protracted development of language organization.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

10.1101/2025.02.09.637301

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A climatology of the F-layer equivalent winds derived from ionosonde measurements over two decades along the 120°-150°E sector

Annales Geophysicae (2004)

Xiaoli Luan Libo Liu Weixing Wan Jiuhou Lei Tao Yu

Abstract. The vertical equivalent winds (VEWs) at the F-layer are analyzed along the 120°-150°E longitude sector with an emphasis on their latitudinal dependence. The VEWs are derived from the monthly median data of fourteen ionosonde stations over two decades. The results show that the VEWs have considerable dependences on the magnetic latitude with an approximate symmetry about the magnetic equator. They are mostly controlled by the electric field drifts in the magnetic equatorial region, and shift to be mostly contributed by neutral winds at mid-latitudes. The relative contribution of the two dynamic factors is regulated by the magnetic dip in addition to their own magnitudes. The VEWs generally have opposite directions and different magnitudes between lower and higher latitudes. At solar minimum, the magnitudes of VEWs are only between -20 and 20m/s at lower latitudes, while at higher latitudes they tend to increase with latitudes, typically having magnitudes between 20-40m/s. At solar maximum, the VEWs are reduced by about 10-20m/s in magnitudes during some local times at higher latitudes. A tidal analysis reveals that the relative importance of major tidal components is also different between lower and higher latitudes. The VEWs also depend on local time, season and solar activity. At higher latitudes, the nighttime VEWs have larger magnitude during post-midnight hours and so do the daytime ones before midday. The VEWs tend to have an inverse relationship with solar activity not only at night, but also by day, which is different from the meridional winds predicted by the HWM93 model. The latitudinal dependence of VEWs has two prevailing trends: one is a maximum at the highest latitudes (as far as the latitudes concerned in the present work); the other is a mid-latitude maximum. These two latitudinal trends are mostly dependent on season, while they depend relatively weakly on local time and solar activity. The latitudinal gradients of VEWs also show a tendency of a mid-latitude maximum, except that there are much stronger latitudinal gradients at southern higher mid-latitudes in some seasons. The gradients during daytime are much smaller at solar maximum than minimum, whereas they are generally comparable at night under both solar activity levels.

Ionosonde

Longitude

Middle latitudes

Magnetic dip

Tachocline

10.5194/angeo-22-2785-2004

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Capacity and Validation of Fabry-Perot Interferometer Wind Measurements in Shanxi of China

Chinese Journal of Space Science (2015)

Cong Huang Tao Yu Xiaoxin Zhang Jingsong WANG Qian Wu

介绍了中国气象局山西岢岚大气观测站(39°N, 112°E) 法布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI) 的基本构造、测风能力、程序处理流程、数据质量控制方法以及检验情况. 岢岚观测站FPI可以观测892.0 (OH)nm, 557.7 (OI)nm和630.0 (OI)nm 波长处气辉谱线的多普勒移动, 分别计算对应87km, 97km和250km高度处的大气风速和大气温度, 可给出中间层顶区域及热层风的大气潮汐和扰动情况. 采用水平风模型(HWM)输出结果进行交叉检验, 对FPI测风数据质量进行验证. 结果显示, 岢岚大气观测站FPI仪器的测风数据在长期趋势上与HWM模式的输出数据一致, 风速变化幅度有季节性差异, 数据质量控制方法有效, 测风误差在87km高度处为5.7m·s^-1, 97km处为1.3m·s^-1, 250km处为4.1m·s^-1, 测风数据通过了可靠性检验.

10.11728/cjss2015.06.707

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Stratosphere Perturbed by the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku Earthquake

Geophysical Research Letters (2018)

Xiangxiang Yan Yang‐Yi Sun Tao Yu Jann‐Yenq Liu Yifan Qi

Abstract This study examined the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC radio occultation soundings of total electron content in the ionosphere (from 150 to 550 km) and refractivity index in the lower atmosphere (from 0 to 60 km) after/during the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake/tsunami. The refractivity index observations show the first evidence of the Tohoku earthquake/tsunami‐induced vertical oscillations in the lower atmosphere. The atmospheric oscillations with vertical wavelength ranging from 0.5 to 8 km and from 10 to 40 km, respectively, appear in the stratosphere and ionosphere after the earthquake onset. The short vertical wavelengths suggest that the oscillations are the atmospheric oscillatory tail due to the wavefront of the earthquake/tsunami. The radio occultation technique is a tool for detecting the atmospheric waves induced by earthquake or some other sources.

Radio occultation

10.1029/2018gl079046

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The Feature of Ionospheric Mid-Latitude Trough during Geomagnetic Storms Derived from GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) Data

Remote Sensing (2022)

Na Yang Tao Yu Huijun Le Libo Liu Yang‐Yi Sun

This study aims to investigate the features of the ionospheric mid-latitude trough over North America by using the MIT total electron content data obtained during three geomagnetic storms that occurred in August 2018, September 2017, and March 2015. The mid-latitude trough position sharply moves equatorward from the quiet-time subauroral latitude to mid-latitude with the decrease in SYM-H during geomagnetic storms. We find that the ionospheric behavior of TEC around the mid-latitude trough position displays three kinds of ionospheric storm effect: negative ionospheric storm effect, unchanged ionospheric behavior, and positive ionospheric storm effect. These ionospheric storm effects around the mid-latitude trough position are not always produced by the mid-latitude trough. The ionospheric storm effects produced by the mid-latitude trough are limited in the narrow mid-latitude trough regions, and are transmitted to other regions with the movement of the mid-latitude trough.

Trough (economics)

Middle latitudes

10.3390/rs14020369

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Contrasting behavior of the F₂ peak and the topside ionosphere in response to the 2 October 2013 geomagnetic storm

Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics (2016)

Jiuhou Lei Jiahao Zhong Tian Mao Lianhuan Hu Tao Yu

Abstract In this study, the ionospheric observations from ionosondes, ground‐based GPS receivers, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and MetOp‐A satellites, and Fabry‐Perot interferometer over the Asian‐Australian sector have been used to investigate the responses of the F 2 peak and the topside ionosphere to the 2 October 2013 geomagnetic storm, particularly during the recovery phase. The comparison between the multiple simultaneous observations revealed a contrasting behavior of the topside ionosphere and the F 2 peak in East Asia during the recovery phase. The upward looking total electron content from low‐Earth orbit (LEO) satellites did not undergo such depletions as seen in the region near the F 2 peak, and they even showed increases. Furthermore, the simulation results of the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model are used to explore the possible mechanisms responsible for the observed features. The model results and observations suggested that the contrasting behavior of the F 2 peak and the topside ionosphere is mainly associated with the enhancement of the equatorward winds, albeit the disturbed electric fields could play an important role in producing it.

Solar cycle 24

10.1002/2016ja022959

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Citations (21)

DERIVATION OF THERMOSPHERE DENSITY VARIATION RESPONSES TO SPACE WEATHER EVENTS DURING APR. 2002 TO JUL. 2007 USING FY1D SATELLITE TRACK DATA

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. eBooks (2010)

Cong Huang Dandan Liu Jingsong Wang Tao Yu

Variation (astronomy)

10.1142/9789812838209_0013

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Ionospheric Changes over the Western Pacific Ocean near and after the End of Annular Solar Eclipse on 21 June 2020

Remote Sensing (2023)

Jin Wang Tao Yu Yu Liang Xiangxiang Yan Chunliang Xia

The center path of the 21 June 2020 solar eclipse, which passed through Guam (13.62°N, 144.86°E, 94.6% obscuration), United States, at the end of its journey, provides a peculiar opportunity to study the ionospheric changes as the moon shadow moves into the nightside. In this study, remote-sensing observations of the ionosphere taken from the ionosonde, and total electron content from the International GNSS Service over Guam were analyzed to examine the related ionospheric changes. Independent in situ observations of electron density (Ne), electron (Te) and ion temperatures (Ti) from DMSP-F17 at ~850 km, and Ne and Te from Swarm-B at ~540 km were also studied. With a significant enhancement of the critical frequency and downward movement of F2-layer, the ionosphere was compressed as the moon shadow swept over Guam near its sunset hours. Neutral wind observations from the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) showed the westward reversed wind occurring in the F-region near sunset. The westward wind disturbance and downward press over the Western Pacific suggest changes in the electrodynamics in the ionosphere and thermosphere near sunset at the end of the solar eclipse, which further contributes to ~85% decrease of Ne and 157% enhancement of Te at ~540 km near midnight.

Solar eclipse

Ionosonde

Sunset

Eclipse

10.3390/rs15051389

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Citations (1)

Statistical Analysis of the Ionosphere Disturbance Based on the IGS Global Ionosphere TEC Map

Chinese Journal of Space Science (2018)

Weizhen Hou Shaocheng ZHANG Fei Yin Tao Yu

电离层总电子含量（TEC）是研究空间天气特性的重要参量，通过分析电离层TEC，可以了解空间环境的变化特征.利用IGS提供的1999—2016年全球电离层TEC格网数据，按照地磁纬度将全球划分为高、中、中低、低磁纬四个区域，计算不同区域的电离层扰动；利用大量统计数据选取电离层扰动事件的判定阈值，分析电离层扰动与太阳活动、时空之间的关系；计算电离层扰动指数与地磁活动之间的相关系数.结果显示：电离层扰动与太阳活动变化具有较强的正相关特性.在太阳活动低年，电离层扰动事件发生的概率约为1.79%，在太阳活动高年发生扰动的概率约为10.18%.在空间分布上，无论是太阳活动高年还是低年，高磁纬地区发生扰动事件的概率均大于其他磁纬出现扰动事件的概率.计算得到的中磁纬和中低磁纬地区电离层扰动指数与全球地磁指数Ap的相关系数分别为0.57和0.56，说明电离层扰动指数与Ap具有较好的相关关系；高磁纬电离层扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.44；低磁纬扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.39.以上结果表明，不同区域电离层扰动与全球地磁指数Ap的相关性不同，测定区域地磁指数可能会提高与电离层扰动的相关性.

10.11728/cjss2018.06.855

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Limb Sounders Tracking Tsunami-Induced Perturbations from the Stratosphere to the Ionosphere

Remote Sensing (2022)

Xiangxiang Yan Tao Yu Chunliang Xia

In this study, we employ three types of satellite data from two different limb sounders: the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) radio occultation (RO) technique and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument to study the vertical coupling of the 16-09-2015 Chile tsunami-induced perturbations from the stratosphere to the ionosphere. All three types of datasets, including temperature profiles from 10 to 55 km and 16 to 107 km, and electron density profiles from 120 to 550 km, recognized perturbations of different scales at different heights after the Chile tsunami. The vertical scales identified by the wavelet analysis are from 1–2 km, 5–9 km, and 25–50 km in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere, respectively. Meanwhile, as a comparison and validation of the reliability, we also revisited the 11-03-2011 Tohoku earthquake/tsunami-related perturbations from the stratosphere to the ionosphere using the same data. It is believed that the two tsunamis both disturbed the whole atmosphere space, and the scale of these signals gradually increases with the increase in altitude but decreases with time. In addition, the tsunami-related ionospheric gravity wavefronts are examined by the F3/C observations. Another interesting point is that the temperature perturbations recorded by the SABER from 70–100 km altitude are found to arrive earlier than the 2015 tsunami wavefront. The findings in this study suggest that the limb-sounding technique is a useful instrument for detecting the tsunami-coupling gravity wave and benefits the tsunami warning system.

Radio occultation

Occultation

10.3390/rs14215543

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