The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children. The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates. Normally, the carbohydrates contained in food are converted into glucose, which is then transported around the body and is particularly important in fueling brain function. However, if little carbohydrate remains in the diet, the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies. The ketone bodies pass into the brain and replace glucose as an energy source. An elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood, a state known as ketosis, leads to a reduction in the frequency of epileptic seizures. Around half of children and young people with epilepsy who have tried some form of this diet saw the number of seizures drop by at least half, and the effect persists even after discontinuing the diet. Some evidence indicates that adults with epilepsy may benefit from the diet, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified Atkins diet, is similarly effective. Potential side effects may include constipation, high cholesterol, growth slowing, acidosis, and kidney stones.
55 sedentary women (66±5 yrs, 79±11 kg; 44±4% body fat) participated in the Curves circuit resistance-training program 3-d per wk for 14 wks. Subjects were assigned to an exercise only group (E) or a high carbohydrate (HC) or high protein (HP) diet group. Diets consisted of 1,200 kcal/d for 1-wk, 1,600 kcal/d for 9 wks, followed by a 2,100 kcals/d maintenance diet for 4 wks. The HC and maintenance diets contained 55% CHO, 15% PRO, and 30% Fat while the HP diet contained 7–15% CHO, 55–63% PRO, and 30% Fat. SF-36 data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and are presented as means ± SD changes from baseline after 10 and 14 wks, respectively, for all groups combined. Results revealed that general health (9.3±28, 9.8±25 %, p=0.007), vitality (10.8±39, 13.7±34 %, p=0.005), and mental health (17.7±27, 24.3±23 %, p=0.001) scores significantly increased over time while social functioning scores tended to increase (−5.3±53, 6.4±28 %, p=0.10)in all groups. Physical functioning (−0.7±40, 6.0±36 %, p=0.23), bodily pain (5.4±53, 9.6±50 %, p=0.17), role physical (20.8±100, 26.7±115 %, p=0.13), and role emotional scores (−10.3±67, −11.8±72 %, p=0.29) were not significantly changed over time. No significant interactions were observed among groups. Results indicate that the Curves fitness and weight loss program improves select markers of QOL in senior-aged women.
Sedentary, healthy, overweight women (n=36) participated in a full-body resistance training program 3 days/week. Participants also followed a structured, energy-restricted, low glycemic diet. Performance and body composition variables were obtained at week 0 and after weeks 4 and 8. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and are presented as means ± SD. There was a significant increase in relative leg press strength between week 4 and 8 only (2.60±0.67 vs. 2.72±0.78, p=0.023). There were no significant changes for relative bench press strength or VO2max (p>0.05). Body weight reduction was significant between weeks 0 and 8 (89.17±20.27 vs. 86.83±20.17, p=0.000). BMI also had significant decreases between weeks 0 and 8 (33.45±8.13 vs. 32.51±8.14, p=0.000). In addition, there was a significant decrease in waist measurements between weeks 0 and 8 (36.66±6.01 vs. 35.57±6.02, p=0.000). In terms of abdominal fat percent, DEXA scan analysis revealed a significant decrease between weeks 0 and 8 (40.65±6.67 vs. 38.86±6.70, p=0.033). Results indicate that a full body resistance training program, in combination with an energy-restricted, low glycemic diet may help promote weight loss and strength gains. Supported by a research grant from Unigen Pharmaceuticals (Lacey, WA)
This study examined whether supplementing the diet with a commercial supplement containing zinc magnesium aspartate (ZMA) during training affects zinc and magnesium status, anabolic and catabolic hormone profiles, and/or training adaptations. Forty-two resistance trained males (27 +/- 9 yrs; 178 +/- 8 cm, 85 +/- 15 kg, 18.6 +/- 6% body fat) were matched according to fat free mass and randomly assigned to ingest in a double blind manner either a dextrose placebo (P) or ZMA 30-60 minutes prior to going to sleep during 8-weeks of standardized resistance-training. Subjects completed testing sessions at 0, 4, and 8 weeks that included body composition assessment as determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, 1-RM and muscular endurance tests on the bench and leg press, a Wingate anaerobic power test, and blood analysis to assess anabolic/catabolic status as well as markers of health. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicated that ZMA supplementation non-significantly increased serum zinc levels by 11 - 17% (p = 0.12). However, no significant differences were observed between groups in anabolic or catabolic hormone status, body composition, 1-RM bench press and leg press, upper or lower body muscular endurance, or cycling anaerobic capacity. Results indicate that ZMA supplementation during training does not appear to enhance training adaptations in resistance trained populations.
For many years, concern about nutrition during pregnancy was closely linked to the well-being of the fetus, mother and prevention of perinatal mortality. In 2010, the number of newborn deaths up to 4 weeks of life was four million worldwide, with an unequal distribution among developed and developing countries (GLASSMAN ET AL. 2010). Mortality in the neonatal period, which comprises the period between birth and 28 days of life of the newborn, is one of the best markers of the quality of care for pregnant women in the neonatal period. Congenital malformations, prematurity, low birth weight, cancer and maternal complications related to childbirth appear in the neonatal mortality list. Although these causes are multifactorial in nature, all have in their genesis some potentially modifiable risk factor associated with maternal nutrition. More recently, the concern with nutrition in pregnancy has gained an added chapter, which is the prevention of chronic diseases in the future of children (MATS, 2011). Between 2008 and 2013, epidemiologists met to compile the Lancet Series. The goal was to study the 178 million malnourished children under 5 years of age. Early in the studies, epidemiologists identified that 32 million malnourished children were born with intrauterine growth restriction. The number, besides being significant, brought concern about what the future of these children would look like in terms of growth, neuropsychomotor development, chronic diseases and the impact on human capital. Throughout the studies, it has been proven that the impact of malnutrition during pregnancy has an intimate correlation not only adverse events in the peripartum period, but with chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity and even cancer ( The next stage of epidemiologists was to identify a possible intervention window, where risk factors could be identified and corrected, in order to reverse the chronic damage that malnutrition irreversibly establishes in the physical and cognitive health of the child (MARCINIAK, 2017) This intervention period, known as the golden period, was given the name 1000 days. The 1000 days, also known as the Golden Interval, is the period that runs from the first day of pregnancy to the two years of age. More recently, studies have spoken in 1100 days, extending this intervention window to 100 days before conception. The 1000 days not only include nutritional strategies, but these are certainly the ones with the greatest impact on long-term disease prevention. What the Lancet series advocate is that proper nutrition during pregnancy and during the first two years of life can not only impact the individual, but an entire society. GLASSMAN et al. (2010) published a projection that if nothing is done regarding the reduction of chronic degenerative diseases in Brazil, in 20 to 30 years public health spending will double. The Lancet series on malnutrition during pregnancy and childhood can prove that the improvement in the health of pregnant women and newborns brings social and economic benefits, which could change the course of society's rampant evolution to chronic degenerative disease. Therefore, it is a great opportunity for the individual and society and a great responsibility for health teams to establish adequate nutrition in the thousand days. Given the great importance that nutrition in pregnancy has in determining a healthy childhood and adult life, it is to be expected that this is a subject of fundamental importance in prenatal care. However, a study conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro found failures in nutritional follow-up throughout prenatal care, reflecting the little importance given to nutrition during pregnancy. In this study, 90.7% of the pregnant women's portfolios had no record on the BMI graph per week of gestation. Pre-gestational weight and height measured were recorded in 65.9% and 57.7% of prenatal cards , respectively (NIQUINI, 2012). These are incompatible data with the objective of reversing causes of prenatal mortality as well as reversing chronic degenerative disease. It is of great importance to reverse the current situation in Brazil, which has an expressive number of maternal malnutrition, anemia, vitamin A and micronutrient deficiency, hypertensive syndromes and gestational diabetes. The first step to reverse the morbidity and mortality of mother and baby, as well as to decrease the illness of the population is to give adequate preconception care. This chapter aims to address these prenatal nutritional care, as well as each nutritional aspect associated with the prevention of chronic degenerative disease.
On September 21, 2019, the strength and conditioning and sport nutrition communities unexpectedly lost a friend, colleague, and scholar, Dr. Mike Greenwood. Because Dr. Greenwood began his career as a coach who later studied and conducted sport science research, he epitomized the mission of the National Strength and Conditioning Association to bridge the gap between science and practice. This memorial provides a brief overview about Dr. Greenwood's background and professional impact. Background and Experience Mike Greenwood was born on September 12, 1956, in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, to Carl and Barbara Greenwood. His father was a gunnery sergeant in the U.S. Marine Corps. He and his sisters Kathleen and Deb moved around a lot until the family settled down in Springfield, Illinois, where his brother Patrick was born. Once his father retired from the military, his parents bought and operated an archery store. When Mike was young, he won a number of youth archery competitions and participated in shooting exhibitions at local schools with his father. Mike attended Riverton High School in Springfield, Illinois, where he played baseball, basketball, and ran track. After graduating high school, Mike played baseball and received a bachelor's degree in Physical Education, Health, and Human Sciences from Greenville College in 1978. From 1978 to 1981, Mike taught high school physical education and coached football, track, and basketball. In 1983, Mike received his masters of science in education from Northern Illinois University. After 2 years working as a manager at a fitness center, he did postgraduate studies in exercise psychology in the Department of Sport Sciences at the University of Iowa from 1984 to 1985. From 1985 to 1992, Mike served as an assistant professor and assistant baseball coach at Hardin Simmons University. During this time, he traveled back and forth to Texas Women's University to earn his PhD in Exercise Science, Motor Learning, and Special Populations in 1990. From 1992 to 1996, Dr. Greenwood served as an associate professor in the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences and Head Baseball coach at Barry University. At Barry, Dr. Greenwood met and then married Dr. Lori Greenwood. From 1996 to 2002, Dr. Greenwood served as an associate professor and then a professor in the Department of Health, Physical Education, and Sport Sciences at Arkansas State University. During this time, Dr. Greenwood began collaborating with Dr. Richard Kreider in the Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab (ESNL) as well as Dr. Andy Fry at the University of Memphis. In 2003, Dr. Greenwood joined Dr. Kreider and Dr. Darryn Willoughby at Baylor University to serve as a professor, graduate coordinator, and ESNL research associate in the Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation at Baylor University. In 2010, Dr. Greenwood moved to the Department of Health and Kinesiology at Texas A&M University to as a clinical professor and research associate in the ESNL where he served until his passing. Professional Impact Teaching and Mentoring One of Dr. Greenwood's greatest gifts was teaching and mentoring. He was a demanding professor, but his students knew he had their best interests at heart and wanted them to develop into outstanding professionals and scholars. During his academic career, Dr. Greenwood chaired or served on the committees of over 50 masters or doctoral students. Many of these students have distinguished themselves as professors and scholars; significant contributors to the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (JSCR), and Strength and Conditioning; and have received national NSCA awards. At Dr. Greenwood's remembrance, current and former students gathered to pay tribute and shared stories how he went to great lengths to recruit them, welcome them to campus, and help them matriculate through their programs. Dr. Greenwood's legacy of contributing to the development of outstanding professionals and scholars will influence the field of strength and conditioning for generations. Scholarly Impact Dr. Greenwood also made a lasting impact on the field of strength and conditioning through his scholarship. Dr. Greenwood began publishing during graduate school with articles focusing on physical education, coaching, motor control, sport psychology, and professional development of strength and conditioning specialists. In 1998, he introduced himself to me at the NSCA national conference in Nashville, TN, and indicated he was willing to drive back and forth from Arkansas State University (ASU) in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to the University of Memphis. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Greenwood began collaborating on a number of studies conducted in the ESNL as well as replicated several studies at ASU. This included seminal work on creatine supplementation as well as significant research on the safety and efficacy of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), ribose, nutrient timing, and many other nutritional interventions designed to optimize strength training adaptations. His work assessing the impact of creatine supplementation on injury rates that was published in the Journal of Athletic Training was particularly noteworthy as it helped refute claims in the media that creatine supplementation increased the prevalence of injuries in athletes. In addition, he contributed chapters related to facility management and safety for Essentials of Strength and Conditioning. These chapters have significantly contributed to the proper design and management of countless fitness and strength and conditioning programs. When Dr. Greenwood moved to Baylor University, he began working more intimately with students and researchers in the Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab as well as with Dr. Darryn Willoughby who also moved to Baylor to help develop a doctoral program in exercise, nutrition, and preventive health. This program attracted a number of outstanding students such as Dr. Colin Wilborn, Dr. Chad Kerksick, Dr. Bill Campbell, Dr. Lem Taylor, and others who have since contributed heavily to strength, conditioning, and nutrition research; become heavily involved in NSCA leadership; and/or received national awards from the NSCA. Research conducted during this time included assessing the role of resistance exercise and nutrition on mitogenic regulating factors; assessing the role of various nutritional interventions on health and performance (e.g., carbohydrate gels, nutrient timing of carbohydrate and protein, zinc magnesium aspartate, ribose, calcium pyruvate, arginine alpha ketoglutarate, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, arachidonic acid, coenzyme Q10, creatine ethyl ester, D-pinitol, beta-alanine, etc); and various diet strategies to promote weight loss in women engaged in resistance-exercise training. This type of research continued after moving to Texas A&M University with additional research on the impact of implementing cluster sets, altered gravity, and various resistance-training programs on training and/or rehabilitation; nutritional interventions on exercise and training adaptations (e.g., buffered creatine, creatine nitrate, phosphatidylserine, amino acids, tart cherry, preworkout supplements, etc); and weight loss and management in women. Many of these studies have generated significant additional research interest in these areas. Moreover, Dr. Greenwood wrote several sport nutrition–related books and contributed to a number of highly cited position stands published by the International Society of Sports Nutrition. As of this writing, this work has been cited more than 5,000 times in the literature. Thus, Dr. Greenwood has left a legacy of significant scholarship. Professional Engagement Dr. Greenwood was also a highly engaged professional. Over the years, Dr. Greenwood served on over 50 state, regional, and national committees for organizations such as the American Association of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAPHERD), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), American College of Sports Nutrition (ACSM), American Society of Exercise Physiology (ASEP), Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA), and International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN). In terms of the NSCA, Dr. Greenwood served as the state director in Arkansas and Texas and member of numerous committees (e.g., education committee, curriculum director for NSCA educational recognition programs, committee for disabled populations, undergraduate and graduate education recognition subcommittee, educator of the year award subcommittee, executive council of the NSCA certification commission, research, and education committee). In addition, Dr. Greenwood served as an abstract, scholarship, and grant reviewer for the NSCA as well as a reviewer, editorial board member, and/or associate editor on dozens of journals, including the JSCR and Strength and Conditioning Journal. In recognition for his teaching, scholarship, and service, Dr. Greenwood was named 1995 Sunshine State Conference Baseball Coach-of-the-Year; ASU College of Education Research Award (2000); Arkansas AHPERD Higher Educator Of The Year Award (2000); ASU College of Education Research Award (2001); Fellow of the ACSM (2003); Baylor University Graduate Student Association Faculty Award (2003); NSCA Educator of the Year Award (2004); Fellow International Society of Sport Nutrition (2005); Fellow National Strength and Conditioning Association (2006); NSCA RSCC*D Credential Awarded By The NSCA (2014); NSCA-Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (2018); and NSCA-Certified with Distinction (Strength and Conditioning Specialist [2018]). Thus, Dr. Greenwood left a legacy of active engagement that has positively impacted the practice of countless strength, conditioning, and sport nutrition professionals. Summary Finally, I would be remiss if I did not comment the impact Dr. Greenwood had on many of his colleagues. Dr. Greenwood always took the time to reach out to his friends and colleagues to see how they and their families were doing. Whether it was a discussion at a conference, a phone call, or an email, Mike truly cared about the welfare of his colleagues and friends. It is no wonder that his passing has prompted so many former students, colleagues, and friends to express their condolences to his family and members in our laboratory. As one individual noted, the strength, conditioning, and sport nutrition field “has lost a true legend.” Fortunately, his dedication to teaching, scholarship, and professional engagement will live on through the thousands of lives he has positively influenced throughout his career.
0533 PURPOSE: To examine the effects of the Curves fitness and diet program on muscular strength, muscular endurance, and maximal aerobic capacity. METHODS: 123 sedentary women (38.7 ± 8 yr; 93.2 ± 19 kg; 44.8 ± 4.8% body fat) participated in a 14- wk exercise and diet program. Subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise and no diet group (END); an exercise and high calorie mixed diet (2,600 kcals/d for 2 wks at 55% C, 15% P, 30% F; 8 wks at 40% C, 30% P, 30% F; 4 wks at 55% C, 15% P, 30% F) group (HCD); or, a low calorie high carbohydrate (HCHO), high protein (HP), or very high protein (VHP) diet group. Subjects consumed 1,200 kcal/d for 2-wks and 1,600 kcal/d for 8 wks. Subjects then ingested 2,600 kcal/d and 1,200 kcal/d diet at 3/2, 3/2, 5/2, & 10/2 day intervals in an attempt to maintain weight loss. Diets were standardized with 30% dietary fat with carbohydrate intake ranging from 40–55% on the HCD and HCO diets and protein intake ranging from 50–63% on the HP and VHP diets. Subjects participated in a supervised 30-min resistance training circuit program combined with calisthenic exercises 3-d per week. At 0, 10, and 14 weeks, subjects performed 1RM bench press and leg press, 80% of 1RM maximal repetition tests on the bench press and leg press, and a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Repeated measures ANOVA results are presented as means ± SD from baseline. RESULTS: Training significantly increased bench press 1RM (2.37 ± 3.8 kg, p<0.006; 0.04 ± 0.04 kg/kg, p<0.001) and leg press 1RM (15.5 ± 38 kg, p<0.002; 0.27 ± 0.39 kg/kg, p<0.001) [10–15% gain in strength]. Bench press lifting volume (80% weight × repetitions) was unchanged (9.1 ± 126 kg, p = 0.20; 0.3 ± 1.4 kg/kg, p = 0.60). However, significant interactions (p<0.05) were observed indicating the END group experienced greater gains in bench press lifting volume. Leg press lifting volume significantly increased in all groups (325 ± 1,521 kg, p = 0.03; 4.1 ± 14 kg/kg, p = 0.006) with no significant differences among groups. Relative maximal oxygen uptake was significantly increased in all groups by about 7% (1.6 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min, p<0.002) primarily due to a significant weight loss. Resting heart (−4.2 ± 14.0 bpm, p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (−3.2 ± 13 mmHg, p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (−2.1 ± 10 mmHg, p<0.03) decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The Curves fitness program promotes increases in muscular strength, muscular endurance, and maximal aerobic capacity while decreasing resting heart rate and blood pressure. These findings indicate that this program appears to be an effective and appropriate level exercise program for this population.
BACKGROUND: Cluster Training (CL) is an alternative to traditional training where intra-set breaks are incorporated. Positive effects have been reported on sports performance. However, there is little research on body composition in trained subjects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three cluster training (CL) protocols comprised of different intra-set rest (RIntra) and blocks of repetitions (BK) on strength, power and body composition in individuals maintaining a high protein diet. METHODS: Twenty-nine resistance-trained male participants were randomized to RIntra 20 s and BK 3 RM (n= 8, CL1), RIntra 40 s and BK 3 RM (n= 7, CL2), RIntra 20 s and BK 6 RM (n= 7, CL3), and control group (n= 7, CG). All participants performed two sessions per week of lower-limb resistance training for 8 weeks. RESULTS: There were significant changes in FFM in CL1 (0.9 ± 0.5 kg, P= 0.001, ES = 0.17), CL2 (0.6 ± 0.5 kg, P= 0.010, ES = 0.14) and CL3 (0.6 ± 0.4 kg, P= 0.011, ES = 0.14) but not in CG (0.4 ± 1.1 kg, P= 0.323, ES = 0.13). Likewise, significant increases were found in the cluster groups (CL1, 14.5 ± 12.3, P= 0.012, ES = 0.80; CL2, 10.1 ± 4.3, P= 0.001, ES = 0.60; CL3, 9.5 ± 4.9, P= 0.002, ES = 0.45) but not in CG (9.0 ± 9.0, P= 0.057, ES = 0.55). There were no significant changes for any group in CMJ. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a RIntra of ∼ 20 s in CL protocols with 3 RM blocks in multi-joint exercises of the lower-limb is sufficient to elicit significant training adaptations; no additional benefits were obtained using longer rest intervals.
