Since the employer"s authority over personnel is based on labor contracts, the specific contents of the authority over personnel are regulated by the labor contracts. Therefore, the transfer within the scope of the agreement between the parties or the contract can be evaluated as the process of implementation of labor contracts, and this may be evaluated as the exercise of the authority over personnel possessed by the employer. In order to materialize the worker"s duty to provide labor within the scope of the labor contract, it is reasonable to determine the contents, method, and location of works, or to understand the authority over personnel with the authority of the employer to change them. If so, the attitude of the precedent that concludes that the transfer belongs to the employer"s authority over personnel cannot be considered appropriate. Regarding the application of the law of abuse of right by precedents, the reassignment of labor force or control of supply and demand is an essential means for the continuous maintenance of business activities. Through the teleological reasoning that change of occupation is an essential means of reallocating the workforce and achieving control of supply and demand, one should not come to the conclusion that disadvantages should be tolerated for a change of occupation. Proportionality is also called the principle of the proportion, and its contents are the justification of the purpose, the appropriateness of the method (appropriateness of the means), the minimality of damage, and the unity of legal interests. And the Constitutional Court has the principle of examination of violation of the constitution on laws restricting basic human rights. Proportionality is a principle of general balancing conflicting interests that applies not only to conflicts of basic human rights but also to cases where legal interests conflict with each other. The determination of the scope of justifiable transfer, that is, the specification of the standard of regulation of the rights of the employer"s authority over personnel and workers" interests, is the positive value of change of occupation that contributes to the operation of the business and the achievement of the purpose of the transfer. It is a balancing of conflicting interests in the negative value of conflict of interest for workers, and this is required in light of the fact that transfer must be made within the scope of labor contracts and in accordance with the principle of equal decision of conditions of employment.
Abstract Accurate prediction of flood waves from reservoir failures and their propagation is critical to effective flood hazard assessment and risk management. Flood waves are sensitive to floodplain topography, channel geometry, and hydraulic structures located along flow paths in downstream areas, and thus the accuracy of flood wave modelling is dependent on the precision and accuracy of the representation of those features. This study introduces a novel approach to flood wave modelling by accurately representing 3D objects in downstream areas using the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) technique. Through the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), this method captures topographic complexities, accounting for ground objects like bridges and trees that impact flood propagation. The 3D model offers enhanced representation of turbulent flow dynamics and computational efficiency, especially handling large topography datasets using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Predictions from this new 3D approach were validated against recent reservoir failure observations and contrasted with traditional 2D models. The results revealed that the 3D model displayed a significant 84.4% reproducibility when juxtaposed with actual inundation traces. It was 35.5%p more accurate than the 2D diffusion wave equation (DWE) and 17.1%p more than the 2D shallow water equation (SWE) methods in predicting flood waves. The DWE was the least accurate among the results, whereas the SWE fared better but still struggled with intricate floodplains. In conclusion, the 3D method, combined with the structure-from-motion technique, emerges as a promising alternative to traditional modelling methods.
An agrivoltaic system (AVS) offers a potential strategy for meeting global demands for renewable energy and sustainability by integrating photovoltaics and agriculture. Many empirical studies have installed facilities and cultivated actual crops, revealing that AVSs improve land use efficiency. However, it is rare for actual end-users and farmsteads to adopt AVSs owing to a lack of standardised models and design criteria. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive AVS design considering agronomic aspects and structural safety along with an analysis of design criteria to promote the dissemination of AVSs. Based on the photovoltaic module arrangement and adjusting installation conditions, various design types were considered to reflect on-site conditions and user preferences. In addition, safety standards for disaster resistance and trade-offs among shading ratio, power generation capacity, and quantity of structural members were analysed. The safety assessment results demonstrated that the column of the AVS structure was vulnerable to wind loads, and the safety standards varied according to the adjusted column spacing. The narrower the column design, the more advantageous the safety and power generation and the more disadvantageous the crop cultivation environment and installation cost. The sequentially mounted type allowed relatively less solar radiation to reach the crop and generated more solar energy. When the modules were mounted at a distance, the structural safety was slightly reduced; however, more solar radiation and economic feasibility were secured. These results will support decision-making regarding AVS designs, help in identifying the sensitivity of crops to shading, and be utilised for the establishment of a standardised AVS model to promote dissemination.
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