The purposes of this study were to investigate the characteristics of microbial activity, EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) composition, and relationships between those of microbial activities and substrate removal rates in a BNR (Biological Nutrient Removal) process which consisted of anoxic(1), primary settling, aerobic(1), anoxic(2), aerobic(2), and final settling tanks when the hydraulic retention time was changed gradually from 8 to 4 hours. Two aerobic biofilm zones in the BNR system were selected to investigate the changes in the biofilm thickness, dry density, microbial activity, heterotrophs/autotrophs ratio, total cell number, and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). When the HRT was changed from 8 to 4 hours, the dry density, microbial activity, and protein/TOC ratio in the both aerobic biofilm reactors increased from 18.50 mg/cm 3 , 50.4 mg O2/gVSS·day, and 0.22 to 28.54 mg/cm 3 , 147.7 mg O2/gVSS· day, and 0.32, respectively. However, the biofilm thickness and total cell number in the aerobic reactors decreased from 3,150μm and 4.7 ×10 12 cells/cm 2 to 1,350μm and 9.8×10 10 cells/cm 2 , respectively. As the HRT decreased in the aerobic zones, the dry density and specific microbial activity in the biofilm increased due to the more production of EPS by microorganisms. The first aerobic zone showed higher microbial activity, high fraction of heterotrophs, total cell number, and protein/TOC ratio than those of the second aerobic zone because of the higher C/N ratio of the first aerobic zone than that of second aerobic zone while dry density in the second aerobic zone was higher than that of first aerobic zone due to the slow growth rate of the autotrophs which is predominant in the second aerobic zone. Correlations between microbial activity and substrate removal rates such as COD and NH4 + -N loading rates in the aerobic (1) and aerobic (2) zones, respectively, showed a high linearity by representing the regression coefficients in the aerobic(1) and aerobic(2) zones were R 2 = 0.97 and R 2 = 0.99, respectively. Therefore, the substrate removal rates were highly related to the microbial activities in the aerobic biofilms.
본 연구에서는 제2형 당뇨병를 가진 GK 흰쥐(Goto-Kakizaki) 간에서 추출한 cytosol과 심장에서 추출한 mitochondria를 이용한 모델계에서 당대사 관련 효소인 glucokinase glucokinase(GCK), pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDH), acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC) 및 glucosidase 활성에 대한 한약재의 물 추출물의 항당뇨 효과를 연구하였다. 그리고 역시 그들의 물 추출물의 free radical 소거활성을 DPPH 방법으로 알아보았다. Free radical 소거활성은 산수유(CF), 목단피(MDB), 천화분(CHB) 그리고 산약(SY)의 물 추출물이 강했고 반면에 백목령(BBR), 숙지황(SGH)과 택사(TS)는 낮은 소거작용을 나타내었다. 간 cytosol의 GCK 활성은 산수유(CF)와 천화분(CHB)에서 다른 추출물보다 더 강했다. 심장 미토콘드리아의 PDH 활성은 택사(TS)를 제외하고 모든 추출물에서 대조군과 비교하여 높았다. 간 cytosol의 ACC 활성은 대조군보다 산수유(CF), 천화분(CHB), 숙지황(SGH), 택사(TS) 그리고 산약(SY) 추출물에서 높았다. 산수유(CF), 백복령(BBR) 및 목단피(MDB) 추출물은 α-glucosidase 활성 감소를 유도했다. 따라서 모든 추출물은 혈당 상승을 억제할 수 있는 항당뇨 기능성식품이나 약품 개발을 위한 기능성 천연 소재로 이용될 수 있을 가능성을 제시하였다.
Hemodialysis is the most common type of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Frailty is associated with poor outcomes such as higher mortality. ESRD patients have a higher prevalence of frailty. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of frailty and examine whether it is a predictor of mortality among ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Five electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies up to 30 November 2020. A total of 752 articles were found, and seven studies with 2604 participants in total were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of frailty in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis was 46% (95% Confidence interval (CI) 34.2-58.3%). Advanced age, female sex, and the presence of diabetes mellitus increased the risk of frailty in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Our main finding showed that patients with frailty had a greater risk of all-cause mortality compared with those without (hazard ratio (HR): 2.02, 95% CI: 1.65-2.48). To improve ESRD patient outcomes, healthcare professionals need to assess the frailty of older ESRD patients, particularly by considering gender and comorbidities. Comprehensive frailty screening tools for ESRD patients on hemodialysis need to be developed.
Background: This study aimed to identify factors influencing dementia-screening behaviors among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults using the Korean Community Health Survey data in 2018.Methods: This cross-sectional study included community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years. We used data related to socio-demographic and health-related factors and subjective cognitive function. We conducted a chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis with weighted analysis.Results: Of 108,050 participants (men, 46.6%; ≥65 years old, 41.5%), only 13.4% (20,404 participants) performed dementia-screening. Using multiple logistic regression, we found that advanced age, female, and unemployed, having a low level of education, low monthly family income, and rural residence, no alcohol intake, no-smoking, hypertension, cognitive dysfunction, and awareness of the dementia helpline service center were positively associated with dementia-screening behaviors.Conclusions: This study suggests the application of holistic approaches to improve dementia-screening behaviors among middle-aged and older adults considering their socioeconomic and health related conditions. Our findings highlight that government health programs should consider socio-economic status and awareness of dementia helpline services in designing dementia prevention programs.
Abstract Aims Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is one of the most performed cardiac surgery globally. CABG is known to have a high rate of short-term readmissions. The 30-day unplanned readmission rate as a quality measure is associated with adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to identify and synthesize the perioperative risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmission after CABG. Methods and results We systematically searched seven databases and reviewed studies to identify all eligible English articles published from 1 October 1999 to 30 September 2019. Random-effect models were employed to perform pooled analyses. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to estimate the risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmission. The 30-day hospital readmission rates after CABG ranged from 9.2% to 18.9% in 14 cohort studies. Among preoperative characteristics, older adults, female, weight loss, high serum creatinine, anticoagulant use or dialysis, and comorbidities were found to be statistically significant. Postoperative complications, prolonged length of hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation were revealed as the postoperative risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmission. However, intraoperative risk factors were not found to be significant in this review. Conclusion Our findings emphasize the importance of a comprehensive assessment during the perioperative period of CABG. Healthcare professionals can perform a readmission risk stratification and develop strategies to reduce readmission rates after CABG using the risk factors identified in this review. Future studies with prospective cohort samples are needed to identify the personal or psychosocial factors influencing readmission after CABG, including perioperative risk factors.
국내산 밤 일부 품종(단택, 대보, 석추, 옥광, 병고)의 기능성 성분 분석과 이들 물질들의 항산화력 및 밤 추출물이 대식세포 활성에 미치는 영향력을 알아보았다. 국내산 밤 일부품종의 내피와 과육에서 coumarin, gallic acid 그리고 catechin이 HPLC에 의해 검출되었다. 밤 내피에 가장 풍부한 기능성 성분은 catechin이고 그 다음 gallic acid와 coumarin 순이었으나, 과육에서는 gallic acid만 검출되었다. 따라서 밤의 기능성 성분인 gallic acid와 catechin의 항산화력을 DPPH radical 소거작용과 SOD 유사활성을 통해 알아보았다. Gallic acid과 catechin을 6.0 mg/100 g 처리하였을 때 DPPH radical 소거작용이 각각 69.4%와 38.3%였으며, gallic acid의 DPPH radical 소거작용은 농도 의존적이었다. Gallic acid를 동일한 농도의 catechin과 비교하면 모든 농도구간에서 catechin보다 gallic acid가 높은 DPPH radical 소거활성을 나타내었다. 그러나 SOD 유사활성은 gallic acid보다 catechin이 높았다. 더하여 밤의 과육, 노란과육 및 흰과육 추출물들이 대식세포 활성에 미치는 영향력을 알아보았다. 병고 흰과육 추출물은 현저하게 대식세포 활성을 증가시켰고, 병고, 단택, 대보 및 옥광의 노란과육 추출물 역시 아무것도 처리하지 않은 세포와 비교하여 현저히 대식세포를 활성화시켰다. 노란과육 추출물이 흰과육 추출물보다 더욱 더대식세포 활성을 증가시켰고, 5품종 중 병고가 대식세포 활성을 가장 증가시켰다.
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