Objective: To study the toxicity of dimethoate on human lymphocytes and the ameliorative effect of root extract of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Methods: Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated from human blood by Hisep tm LSM1077. They were exposed to 20,40,60 and 100 mM concentrations of dimethoate for 1 hour and the DNA damage was assessed by fluorescent comet assay. The toxicity of the insecticide was also tested by MTT assay. Results: It was found that the number of cells with no damage decreased with the rise in concentration of dimethoate and there was a dose dependent increase in the number of damaged cells (9-98%). In MTT assay the viability of control cells was taken as 100% and after 2 hours of exposure to various concentrations of dimethoate, there was dose dependent decrease in viability. The viability of treated cells increased after incubation with 50% of the root extract of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. However, no ameliorative effect was observed when the treated lymphocytes were incubated with crude root extract. Conclusions: Thus the experiment supports the fact that 50% of root extract of Oroxylum has an ameliorative effect on the lymphocytes which were subjected to the dimethoate toxicity.
Cow is worshiped in India as “Gomata” since ancient time. Its values have been signified in Vedas, Puranas & Ayurveda. Its urine/Go Ark is used in rituals & medicines traditionally in India. The Significance of Cow Urine has been studied by many workers. Now it is available in the market as distillate. Hence this study was designed to assess the potential of Fresh Go Ark (FGA) and Distillate Go Ark (DGA) on Human Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in Vitro using MTT Assay. It was found that FGA & DGA both had the potential to enhance the cell viability of Human PBL. FGA showed greater potential towards the enhancement of cell viability on Human PBL than that of DGA. However the difference between the impacts of FGA & DGA was not found to be significant when tested through Two way ANOVA.
Phenyl (PHY) is one of the chemicals which are used as a disinfectant in the world due to its toxic potential. Cleaning workers are directly exposed to it in institutes, hospitals and houses. Cow urine/Go Ark (GA) has been proved as a bioenhancer in many studies. The present study dealt with the in vitro analysis of PHY induced cytotoxicity (CT) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes and ameliorative potential of Distillate cow urine/Go Ark (DGA) and Fresh Go Ark (FGA) as GA is believed to be an elixir in Ayurved. MTT assay was used to study CT and Cell viability % on Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) in vitro. CT of PHY was found to be higher than that of DGA and FGA treated groups. This showed that when PHY induced cells were treated with DGA and FGA, they showed increase in the cell viability %. It was also found that FGA had more potential for enhancing cell viability % of HPBL than that of DGA. We suggest that GA can be used as an ameliorative agent on PHY induced CT. It can be explored by in vivo experiments further for its detoxification properties. Now a day, PHY is used in combination with GA for cleaning purposes as “Gonyl”, it may be safe for cleaning workers to use GA based disinfectants to diminish the CT induced due to PHY exposure at the time of cleaning.
There is a need to increase our agricultural production of food grains and other crops to feed a continuously increasing population. To achieve this food security, use of insecticides/pesticides has become necessary. Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used for control of pests of cereals, fruits, vegetables and cotton etc. but it has several toxic effects on human beings. Apart from being neurotoxic, it has harmful effects on lymphocytes also. Neem is also a potent insecticide of herbal and indigenous origin. In this investigation the cytotoxicity of cypermethrin (dissolved in DMSO) and aqueous extract of neem leaves to human lymphocytes was studied by MTT assay. It was found that after an exposure of two hours to LC50 concentration of cypermethrin viability of lymphocytes fell to 87.83%; however at lower concentration the viability fell further because of the increase in the DMSO concentration, proving the toxicity of DMSO. Treatment of lymphocytes with 45% of neem extract increased the viability by 196% but at lower concentrations lesser increase was noted due to the increase in concentration of PBS. Thus apart from being a safe insecticide neem extract can be used to promote viability and proliferation of cells of animal origin also.
To explore genotoxicity in bidi rollers occupationally exposed to bidi tobacco dust.To assess the extent of genotoxicity of tobacco dust to bidi rollers of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India and cytotoxicity of bidi tobacco extract.Blood samples from 31 bidi rollers and 30 controls taken after written informed consent were analyzed for chromosome aberrations (CA) and comet assay.Genotoxicity was studied by CA in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes of bidi rollers and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage studies were done by comet assay of their blood. The toxicity of bidi tobacco extract to normal human lymphocytes was studied by MMT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay as drop in viability.Student's t-test and DMRT.There is a general trend of increase in CA% of both in exposed and control groups with age, but in every group the bidi rollers have a significantly higher CA% than the controls. The CA % is also directly related to exposure. The comet assay findings reveal that the mean comet length and tail length increases with exposure time. The toxicity of bidi tobacco extract (TE) to normal human lymphocytes was tested in vitro by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at 2 h of incubation. The trend of drop in viability with increasing concentrations of TE was clearly evident from the data from four donors in spite of their individual differences in viability.The results obtained in this investigation indicate that bidi rollers seem to be facing the occupational hazard of genotoxicity due to handling bidi tobacco and inhalation of tobacco dust. They should be advised to work under well-ventilated conditions.
Tobacco chewing is a widespread habit which leads to DNA damage. We are reporting a case of a tobacco chewer in which chromosomal aberrations, DNA breakage, buccal micronuclei and urinary thioether excretion level were studied. The study was carried out on a 28 year old male subject who is polio affected since his childhood. He has been chewing tobacco since the last 17 yrs @ 4 g, 08 times per day. The medical report of the subject indicates no abnormalities except post-polio paralysis in both lower limbs. He has no family history of any genetic disorder. He is not occupationally exposed to tobacco. The findings of the present investigation indicate increased incidence of chromosomal aberration % and micronuclei in buccal epithelial cells than the control values obtained from a subject of similar age and socioeconomic condition but not addicted to tobacco chewing. However, the urinary thioether values of the subject were lower than control values indicating a depression of the detoxification pathway.
It is a well-known fact that the human population of India is increasing very fast. Everybody needs food to survive. Agricultural products must be boosted by adding adequate fertilisers and using appropriate insecticides. Organophosphates are one of the most frequently used insecticides. Their overuse leads to soil contamination by agricultural runoff. The insecticides may enter drinking water as well. Since organophosphates are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, they can be dangerous for human health if abnormal amounts are present in drinking water or are consumed as residues on fruits and vegetables. Hence, a toxicity study by MTT and Trypan Blue Assay of three common insecticides (Imidacloprid, Profenofos, Dichlorvos) and two natural products (Dashparnik ark and Neem oil) on lymphocytes was taken up. The insecticides were used at concentrations of 1mM, 4mM, 8mM and 12mM. It was found that at 4 hours of incubation at 1mM Imidacloprid showed the greatest drop in viability followed by Dichlorvos and the least harm was caused by Profenofos. The drop was consistent and dose dependent in the case of Profenofos, whereas at a higher concentration the viability generally increased. For 18 hours of incubation, the same trend was observed, but the decrease and increase were more pronounced. In the case of Profenofos and Dichlorvos the viability percent rises above that of the control. It was probably due to the defense mechanism involving the P450 detoxification pathway of the cells, which is activated if they are exposed to a higher concentration of the damaging factors. This is also supported by other workers mentioned in the discussion section of this paper. The damage to the cells, as evident in the fall in viability, was of lesser magnitude when organic insecticides were used. In the case of Neem nano-drop emulsion, a significant fall in viability was noted only at 2mg/ml. However, it is not sprayed as a nano-emulsion because it is not particularly harmful. The fourth insecticide that was taken up for study was Dashparni Ark. In this case, at 5µl/ml of distilled water (obtained by dilution) very little damage was evident, but at higher concentration it boosted the viability. Apparently, the extract of leaves fermented in cow urine and cow dung was less damaging than that of other insecticides. Thus, organic insecticides are safer to use because they are ecofriendly and do not harm non-target organisms. This is written on the basis of MTT assay results.
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