D RUGS THAT INCREASE the positive inotropic (ie, cardiotonic) potential of the myocardium are used in a variety of clinical settings. All catecholamines exert their inotropic effects by stimulating adrenergic mediated receptors in the sympathetic nervous system. 1,2 Stimulation of these adrenergic receptors within the cardiovascular system generates predictable organ specific responses (Table 1). Catecholamines can act either directly or indirectly on these adrenergic receptors. Indirect acting catecholamines stimulate the release of stored neurotransmitters from sympathetic nerve terminals, whereas direct acting agents stimulate the adrenergic receptors directly. Director indirect-acting catecholamines exert their positive inotropic action by stimulation of the ill-receptor. This stimulation activates the second messenger pathway, facilitating the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). 3 The efficacy of any adrenergic agent is influenced by the availability (ie, density) and responsiveness (ie, affinity) of these beta receptors. A reduction in both the number and sensitivity of B-receptors has been noted with chronically elevated levels of plasma catecholamines (such as that occurring in congestive heart failure [CHF] or hypertension). This was described by Bristow et al4 as B-receptor down regulation. Conversely, B-receptor up regulation has been described in patients undergoing long-term fl-adrenergic antagonist therapy, thus resulting in a significant increase in the numbers of B-receptors. Down regulation, initially thought to develop only when plasma catecholamine levels were chronically elevated, has now been observed with short-term exposure. Marty et al5 recently reported a significant increase in B-receptor density
Abstract Swamp rabbits ( Sylvilagus aquaticus ) are a species of conservation concern in several states. We conducted latrine surveys at previously surveyed and new sites from 2021 to 2023 to clarify the species’ current status and distribution at its eastern extent, including the first surveys in South Carolina in > 25 years. We analyzed occupancy to determine what environmental variables affected swamp rabbit occurrence. Detection and occupancy probability from our top model were 0.75 (0.69–0.81 85 % CI ) and 0.32 (0.30–0.35 85 % CI ), respectively. Occupancy decreased with distance to emergent herbaceous or woody wetlands and increased with reduced tree canopy cover. Our results corroborate previous findings that semi-permanent or permanent wetlands are important to swamp rabbits and that they may be more likely to occupy habitats in proximity to open areas with herbaceous vegetation. Our study demonstrated that swamp rabbits persist within northwestern South Carolina, but no detections at 17 % ( n = 5) of previously known sites, detections at 15 new sites, and observations of the species outside their purported range highlight the opportunity for further studies to assess connectivity of populations in the face of rapid land use change.
Abstract Weasels (genus Mustela and Neogale ) are of management concern as declining native species in some regions and invasive species in others. Regardless of the need to conserve or remove weasels, there is increasingly a need to use non‐invasive monitoring methods to assess population trends. We conducted a literature review and held the first ever International Weasel Monitoring Symposium to synthesise information on historical and current non‐invasive monitoring techniques for weasels. We also explored current limitations, opportunities, and areas of development to guide future research and long‐term monitoring. Our literature search revealed that in the past 20 years, camera traps were the most commonly used non‐invasive monitoring method (62% of studies), followed by track plates or scent stations designed to collect footprints (23%) and walking transects for tracks in snow or soil (8.7%). Experts agreed that the most promising non‐invasive monitoring techniques available include use of citizen scientist reporting, detection dogs, detecting tracks, non‐invasive genetic surveys, and enclosed or unenclosed camera trap systems. Because each technique has benefits and limitations, using a multi‐method approach is likely required. There is a need for strong commitment to dedicated monitoring that is replicated over space and time such that trend data can be ascertained to better inform future management action. The diversity of non‐invasive monitoring methods now available makes such monitoring possible with relatively minor commitments of funding and effort.
1 Summary 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 Circuses in context 4 3 Have animals in circuses been domesticated? 6 3.1 Summary 7 4 Animals in captivity 7 4.1 Summary 10 5 The health of captive animals 10 5.1 Summary 11 6 Captivity related stress 11 6.1 Reproduction in captivity 13 6.1.1 The effects of captivity-related stress on reproduction 13 6.1.2 Elephant reproduction 14 6.1.3 Carnivore reproduction 14 6.1.4 Primate reproduction 14 6.1.5 Ungulate reproduction 15 6.2 Summary 15 7 The effect of travel on animal welfare 15 7.1 The transport of reptiles 16 7.2 Do animals habituate to travelling? 16 7.3 Summary 17 8 The behaviour of captive wild animals 17 8.1 Time budgets 17 8.2 Stereotypies 18 8.3 Summary 21 9 Training and performance 21 9.1 Summary 22 10 How many wild animals are there in European circuses? 22 10.1 Summary 23 11 The origin of captive wild animals in circuses 23 11.1 Summary 23 12 Which species of animal are suitable for life in circuses? 23 13 Conclusions 23 14 References 24 15 Appendix I 33 16 Appendix II 34
The authors describe a quality-assurance-oriented database program designed for an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography monitoring service. Entry data include patient and operation demographics and two-dimensional echocardiographic, saline-contrast, and color flow/pulsed Doppler assessments of the heart and great vessels. A statistical analysis component allows for comparison of intraoperative interpretations with those of an external reviewer 'gold standard' on a field-by-field basis. This provides an objective means for quantifying expertise in each individual aspect of the patient examination sequence. Such self-appraisal data are essential for delineating the status and tracking the progress of service being provided.< >
We investigated cardiovascular performance in 12 patients (mean age 66 +/-12 yr) with significant coexisting cardiopulmonary disease (hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) during laparoscopic colectomy under general anesthesia. Hemodynamic monitors included arterial and pulmonary artery catheters in combination with transesophageal echocardiography. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data were obtained at five epochs: baseline (after induction of anesthesia), insufflation (after pneumoperitoneum, supine position), Trendelenburg 5 (5 min after placement into Trendelenburg's position), Trendelenburg 20 (at 20 min in Trendelenburg's position), and end (after release of the pneumoperitoneum, supine position). Hemodynamic responses to peritoneal insufflation resulted in significant increases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) as well as endsystolic area (ESA) and significant decreases in cardiac index (CI) and ejection fraction area (EFa) compared with baseline. Trendelenburg's positioning augmented ventricular preload and performance, resulting in significant increases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, CI, end-diastolic area, and EFa compared with insufflation. At the final epoch, end, a hyperdynamic state occurred as evidenced by a significantly decreased ESA and SVR while heart rate, CI, and EF (a) increased significantly compared to baseline and insufflation. In an elderly population with significant coexisting cardiopulmonary disease, intraoperative maneuvers required for laparoscopic colectomy resulted in previously undescribed alterations of cardiovascular performance, which persisted after release of the pneumoperitoneum. (Anesth Analg 1996;83:482-7)
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