During emergencies, people are more or less capable of performing adequately. Knowledge about human behavior while facing emergencies has become more significant nowadays. This knowledge can help improving our already present defensive responses and natural coping mechanisms when facing imminent dangers, natural disasters, and catastrophes. A new method is here offered to explore the core points of this topic. The Emergency Reaction Questionnaire (ERQ), is proposed for predicting one's reaction and behaviour in an emergency. First, a large item pool was created based on interviews with people facing emergencies on a weekly basis and related literature. The factor structure, reliability and validity were assessed on a large sample of lay people (N = 1115, 440 males) and specific groups of firefighters and people doing extreme sports (N = 85, all males). Participants were Caucasian with an age range of 18–70. We also used measures of anxiety, depression, and sensation seeking, behavioral inhibition and activation and coping in stressful situations. The ERQ was proved to be reliable and consistent in time and having sound psychometric properties both on the community and special samples. Results show that psychometric properties are satisfying; the test has excellent validity ratings. Consequently, the ERQ can be used in future research effectively and facilitate a better understanding of how people react in a highly dangerous situation. Future directions in the utilization of the new method are discussed.
Háttér A Carver és White (1994) által kidolgozott Viselkedéses Gátló és Aktiváló Rendszer Skálák (BIS-BAS Skálák) a legszélesebb körben használt és leginkább idézett mérőeszköz, amely Gray (1982, 1991) Megerősítésre való érzékenység elméletén alapul (Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory , RST). Cél A kérdőív magyar nyelven nem érhető el, ezért jelen tanulmány célja e hiány pótlása, a kérdőív nagy elemszámú mintán történő hazai adaptációja során szerzett pszichometriai jellemzők közreadásával. Módszer A kérdőívet keresztmetszeti kutatás során vizsgáltuk, egészséges felnőttek 1430 fős mintáján (M=29,36 év). Az alkalmazott kérdőívek: Eysenck Személyiség Kérdőív (EPQ), Büntetés és Jutalomérzékenység Kérdőív (SPSRQ), Zuckerman–Kuhlman Személyiség Kérdőív (ZKPQ). Eredmények A reliabilitásvizsgálat jó belső megbízhatóságot jelez (Cronbach-α=0,70–0,82), az intraklassz korreláció alapján a kérdőív skálái időben megbízhatóak (ICC=0,76–0,88). A feltáró faktoranalízis öt önálló főkomponenst azonosított, amelyek a teljes variancia 57%-át magyarázzák. A kérdőív konfirmatív faktoranalízise az eredeti négyfaktoros struktúrával szemben a szorongás és a félelem konstruktumát egymástól elkülönítő, revideált RST-elméletet támasztja alá. A kérdőív skáláinak konvergens és diszkriminatív validitása során kapott eredmények összhangban állnak a nemzetközi adatokkal. Konklúzió A BIS-BAS Skálák magyar adaptációja alkalmas a viselkedéses gátló és aktiváló rendszer szenzitivitásának mérésére, ugyanakkor a revideált RST-elmélet igazolása további empirikus kutatásokat tesz szükségessé.
Abstract In this study, we interpret codependency as a dysfunctional pattern of relating to others, and based on this approach, we hypothesized an association with negative forms of dyadic coping, relationship problems and life satisfaction. A total of 246 Hungarian participants (167 females, 79 males), aged 18–72 years (M = 35.3, SD = 11.6) completed our online survey including measures of codependency, dyadic coping, perceptions of relationship, and life satisfaction. In our cross-sectional research, the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale (SF-CDS), the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI), the Shortened Marital Stress Scale (MSS-R), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were used. Correlational and pathway analyzes were applied to confirm our hypotheses. Codependency was associated with negative dyadic coping, while we found no measurable influence on positive dyadic coping. Individuals with higher codependency rated both their own and their partner’s negative dyadic coping more pronounced, while at the same time they characterized their relationships as more problematic. Structural Equation Modelling proved that codependent attitudes, along with the emergence of negative dyadic coping forms and perception of relationship problems, reduce a person’s life satisfaction. Overall, it can be stated that the more codependent the participants were, the more negative their own and partner’s behaviour was perceived in stressful situations and the more problematic their intimate relationship was found to be. Our results support the idea that codependency is a specific, largely stable attitude that determines a person’s perception and behaviour relating to others.
Cíl: Cílem naší studie je poskytnout obecnou představu o hodnotě zdraví mezi mladými dospělými, jejich postoji k lidem se zdravotním postižením a dokázat důležitost změny poukázáním na možné nedostatky. Metodika: V naší pilotní studii bylo dotazováno celkem 111 lidí. Dotazník použitý ve studii zahrnoval seznam hodnot Hofmeister-Tóth a Neulinger. Hodnoty zdraví a postoje k postižení byly měřeny pomocí škály MAS (Attitudes Toward Disabled People Scale - dimenze: afektivní, kognitivní, behaviorální) a škály ATDP-O (Attitudes Toward Disabled People). Shromážděná data byla analyzována pomocí softwaru SPSS 26.0. Výsledky: Zdraví je na žebříčku hodnot vysoko. Většina lidí považuje svůj vlastní zdravotní stav za důležitý (4,701) a dobrý (4,126). Na základě výsledků dotazníku MAS vykazují respondenti velmi negativní postoj ve všech třech dimenzích. Byla zjištěna signifikantně slabá korelace mezi behaviorální dimenzí, zjevným jednáním, verbálními projevy chování a škálou postojů ATDP-O k lidem s postižením (r = 0,202, p = 0,034). Závěr: Naše výsledky naznačují, že vytvoření správného postoje je zásadní, a toho lze dosáhnout přenosem znalostí. Je důležité posilovat multikulturní společnosti, abychom v našem světě mohli vytvořit zdravější prostředí pro život.
The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory has been widely used to measure state and trait components of anxiety. We sought to develop a short, yet reliable and valid form of these scales for use in circumstances where the full‐form is inappropriate. Using three large samples (total N = 3399, age-range = 16-90) we abbreviated the scales based on Item Response Theory analyses to retain the items that could discriminate the best among subjects. We calculated cut-off scores for the five-item short versions of state and trait scales using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analyses. The short forms have sound psychometric properties that are comparable to those obtained on the full-form. We report detailed descriptive statistics that could be used in further studies as standards. The short scales are reliable measures that could be used in clinical screening and in behavioural research; especially where practical considerations preclude the use of a longer questionnaire.
Blood donation is considered as one of the purest forms of altruism. Plasma donation, in contrast, despite being a similar process, is mostly a paid activity in which donors are compensated for their contribution to the production of therapeutic preparations. This creates a so-called “plasma paradox:” If remuneration is promised for a socially useful effort, volunteers with altruistic motives might be deterred. At the same time, regular plasma donors who pursue the monetary benefits of donation might drop out if remuneration stops. The same controversy can be caught in the messages of most plasma donation companies as well: They promise a monetary reward (MR), and at the same time, highlight the altruistic component of donation. In this study, we tested the assumption that emphasizing the social significance enhances the willingness to donate blood plasma more effectively than either MR or the combination of these two incentives. This had to be rejected since there was no significant difference between the three scenarios. Furthermore, we also hypothesized that individuals might be more motivated to donate plasma if there is a possibility of offering an MR toward other socially beneficial aims. We found an increased willingness to donate in scenarios enabling “double altruism”, that is, when donating plasma for therapeutic use and transferring their remuneration to nongovernmental organizations, is an option. We propose relying on double altruism to resolve the plasma paradox, and suggest that it could serve as a starting point for the development of more optimized means for donor recruitment.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients often face psychological challenges due to chronic pain and disability (Dominick et al., 2004; Sturgeon et.al., 2016). By exploring the link between autobiographical narratives and recollection patterns, focusing on the role of emotions and temporal perspectives in psychological adaptation we can gain new insights into their experiences. Positive and negative life events impact life stories differently, previous studies suggested that the intensity of associated emotions, rather than their valence, influences memory characteristics (Pascuzzi & Smorti, 2017). Temporal perspectives reveal crucial psychological aspects of the narrator. A retrospective viewpoint indicates detachment, closure, and a coherent, non-conflictual identity state. Conversely, vividly reliving a negative past episode, using grammatical forms suggesting ongoing, unresolved issues, implies a more problematic identity state (Polya et al., 2015). This study explores nuanced shifts in narrative perspective to understand how RA patients process and construct memories of positive and negative life events and how it might connect to their well-being.
Objectives:
Considering the increased prevalence of pessimism, helplessness, and rumination in RA patients, we aimed to explore how their encounter with positive events is related to their processing of negative life events. In addition, we focused on identifying specific narrative patterns in high and low-point life story episodes based on temporal perspectives within a sample of 60 RA patients.
Methods:
By using the episodic interview technique, 60 RA patients (9 male, 51 female; age min: 37, max: 79, mean: 61,0, SD:11,0) recalled their memories of prominent life events, conveyed through brief narratives in a conversational interview format. The semi-structured interview texts were analyzed with a narrative categorical content analysis algorithm (NarrCat). NarrCat identifies and calculates narrative markers of narrative psychological categories, such as negation or the narrator's temporal perspective. We formed two clusters of participants based on the temporal perspectives they used in high-point episodes, resulting in a retrospective group of 25 and a re-experiencing group of 35 individuals. The mental and physical state of the sample was also assessed by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Health Assessment Questionnaire.
Results:
In the data analysis, we compared the frequencies of several narrative markers of the low- and high-point episodes of the Retrospective and the Re-experiencing groups and compared the differences in their well-being and subjective evaluation of physical impairment. According to the results of Mann-Whitney U Test, the Re-experiencing group showed in low-point episodes heightened emotional frequency (total: U(58)=280, p‹0,05; positive: U(58)=328, p‹0,05; negative: U(58)=278, p‹0,05), used more psychological perspectives (U(58)=223, p‹0,01) and exhibited a tendency towards denial. However, no significant difference emerged between the Retrospective and Re-experience groups regarding positive emotions or any other narrative feature I high-point stories. The Retrospective and Re-experiencing groups did not differ in psychological state (anxiety, depressive symptoms) or physical impairment, leaving the adaptability of the re-experiencing strategy unclear.
Conclusion:
Individuals vividly recalling positive life events tend to dig deeper into negative memories, suggesting that despite intense recollection, high-point memories are less emotionally involved and salient. The re-experiencing group's elevated positive emotion frequency during low-point episodes may arise from emotion regulation triggered by negative memories, but it is also possible that maladaptive characteristics may underlie it (emotional lability, pessimism, or rumination). However, current results lack correlation with measured outcomes (HADS and HAQ questionnaires), necessitating further research to determine the potential for guided memory recall in RA patients as a basis for psychosocial interventions.
Background: Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune connective tissue disease with significant pain, fatigue, and disability. Patients with systemic sclerosis are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Objective: This study assessed the personality and psychopathological characteristics of scleroderma patients. Method: Consecutive, in-patient female cases with systemic sclerosis (N=72) from the tertiary care center of the University of Pécs and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (N=56) and fifty patients with rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled. Participants completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Demographical and clinical data were also collected. Results: Rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma patients had similar profiles with high scores (≥65T) on Scales 1, 2 and 3. Additionally, they achieved moderate scores on Scales 5 and 0. The Scale 7 was elevated only in females with rheumatoid arthritis distinctively. Conclusion: High scores on Scales 1, 2 and 3 may reflect the severe somatic symptoms of systemic sclerosis (and rheumatoid arthritis), but may also refer to the disease-related emotional distress, anxiety and depression. Likewise, social withdrawal and less feminine interests may be the results of the chronic and disabling illness. The minor differences between the patient groups indicate that females with systemic sclerosis may be less vulnerable to specific anxiety disorders (obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobias). Study results highlight the importance of developing psychosocial interventions designed to meet the needs of scleroderma patients.
Elméleti háttér: A rezíliencia azon jellemzőket foglalja magában, amelyek elősegítik a veszélyeztetett életkörülmények ellenére történő sikeres alkalmazkodást, enyhítik a stressz negatív hatásait és lehetővé teszik a változásokkal szembeni adaptív megküzdést. A Connor-Davidson Rezíliencia Skála (CD-RISC) a lelki ellenálló képesség mérésére kidolgozott eszköz. Cél: A kutatás célja a 25-itemes CD-RISC magyar nyelvre adaptálása és pszichometriai elemzése volt. Módszerek: Keresztmetszeti, kérdőíves vizsgálatunkban 100 fős autoimmun betegcsoport (átlagéletkor = 51,49 év; szórás = 12,87 év) és 164 fős egészséges kontrollcsoport vett részt (átlagéletkor = 43,77 év; szórás = 15,78 év), akik az alábbi kérdőíveket töltötték ki: Connor-Davidson Rezíliencia Skála, Kórházi Szorongás és Depresszió Skála (HADS), Temperamentum és Karakter Kérdőív (TCI). Eredmények: Magyar mintán a konfirmatív faktorelemzés nem igazolta az eredeti rezíliencia-kérdőív 5-faktoros struktúráját, míg a feltáró faktorelemzés 6 faktort eredményezett. A kérdőív Cronbach-alfa értéke magas (0,869) volt. A CD-RISC az elvárásoknak megfelelő irányú és mértékű korrelációt mutatott a validáláshoz alkalmazott mérőeszközökkel. Szignifikáns pozitív korrelációt találtunk a TCI önirányítottságot (r = 0,449; p < 0,001) és együttműködést (r = 0,171; p < 0,05) mérő skáláival; míg szignifikáns negatív együttjárást a TCI ártalomkerülést mérő skálájával (r = –0,558; p < 0,001) és a HADS depressziót (r = –0,477; p < 0,001) és szorongást (r = –0,326; p < 0,001) mérő alskáláival. Egy bináris logisztikus regresszió-analízis eredményei igazolták, hogy a CD-RISC alkalmas az autoimmun beteg és egészséges csoport elkülönítésére a rezíliencia értékek mentén. Következtetések: Összességében elmondhatjuk, hogy a 25-itemes CD-RISC magyar változatának pszichometriai mutatói megfelelőek, a kérdőív megbízható és érvényes mérőeszköznek bizonyult a rezíliencia mérésére.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
