Dyadic interviewing is a qualitative approach that recognizes there exists an interdependent relationship between individuals, embracing this phenomenon as a source of information rather than attempting to control for it. Informed by a Critical Disability Studies ideology, this dyadic interview technique has been adapted to address some of the difficulties that present when conducting interviews with individuals with intellectual disabilities. The interview structure consists of a dyad that includes the individual with intellectual disability and the person they identify as their key support person. Currently, researchers have embraced dyadic interviewing as a method of triangulation. However, it also has potential to be used as an important method of accommodation for people with intellectual disability that promotes choice and self-determination in research participation.
Abstract Social entrepreneurship is a growing trend, reflecting a shift in contemporary policy towards entrepreneurship as viable employment option for people with intellectual disability (ID). Entrepreneurship is intended to promote autonomy, reduce dependence on entitlement-based services, and reduce employment disparities while stimulating business and job creation. It is not well understood what this means for people with ID involved in social entrepreneurship. Dyadic interviews were conducted with people with ID participating in social entrepreneurship (n = 7) as well as their key support person (n = 7). Interviews focused on understanding outcomes in social entrepreneurship for people with ID, or “what happens when they act.” In particular, this article explores perceptions of profit/self-sufficiency, growth, and social innovation to challenge how outcomes have been traditionally assessed.
This article offers the case of cystic fibrosis (CF), a multi-system disease, to illustrate how individuals with chronic illness cultivate and apply embodied knowledge to optimize their well-being. We identified three interrelated processes that occur when disease chronicity and menstrual cyclicity meet: 1) knowledge production with a period-tracking app; 2) application of embodied knowledge to manage life with menstrual-related CF symptoms; 3) cultivation of the body-self as a menstruating woman with CF. These dynamic processes capture how cis-gender women with CF attune to their bodies, navigate their illness, and situate themselves within their lifeworlds. Genetic conditions like CF are apt for studying these processes because adults have managed their disease for decades, with longitudinal experience that often exceeds that of their clinicians. Our evidence elucidates the co-constitutive nature of chronic disease, gendered subjectivity, and biological processes in flux. We explored the menstrual cyclicity of chronic disease symptoms by having 72 participants track their CF symptoms across 4 menstrual cycles on a customized period-tracking app. We performed semi-structured interviews with 20 participants to understand how they interpreted these cyclical CF symptoms. We learned that digital tracking attuned participants to monthly fluctuations in CF symptoms. They applied this knowledge to manage their lives and shape their sense of self. We argue that women with CF produce distinct embodied knowledge during their reproductive years, shaping their illness experience, disease management, overall health, quality of life, and selfhood. The dynamics we describe may reflect broader patterns by which women with other chronic illnesses experience their bodies and understand themselves in the world.
Contemporary policy encourages self-employment and entrepreneurship as a vehicle for empowerment and self-sufficiency among people with disabilities. However, such encouragement raises important citizenship questions concerning the participation of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). As an innovative strategy for addressing pressing social and economic problems, "social entrepreneurship" has become a phrase that is gaining momentum in the IDD community--one that carries with it a very distinct history. Although social entrepreneurship holds the potential to be an empowering source of job creation and social innovation, it also has the potential to be used to further disenfranchise this marginalized population. It is crucial that in moving forward society takes care not to perpetuate existing models of oppression, particularly in regard to the social and economic participation of people with IDD. The conceptual tools addressed in this article can inform the way that researchers, policymakers, and practitioners approach complex issues, such as social entrepreneurship, to improve communication among disciplines while retaining an integral focus on rights and social justice by framing this issue within citizenship theory.
The current economic climate demands more innovative approaches to increasing labor market participation for people with disabilities. Social entrepreneurship offers one alternative pathway to employment. However, little is known about the motivational and attitudinal factors influencing social entrepreneurship for people with disabilities. Using empirical data from focus groups comprised of social entrepreneurs with disabilities, and interviews with key stakeholders working in the fields of policy, disability, and business, this research frames its analysis in the intersection of disability studies and entrepreneurial studies to explore: what motivates people with disabilities to pursue social entrepreneurship, if they continue to encounter attitudinal barriers and discrimination, and whether motivational and attitudinal factors affect their social entrepreneurship. Findings indicate that despite social entrepreneurship having been promoted as a strategy for circumventing employment discrimination, the individuals with disabilities in this research continued to encounter attitudinal barriers and discrimination affecting their employment decisions. Future research should focus on interrogating what might be gained in the spaces where need and opportunity intersect and exploring the extent to which motivations overlap for social entrepreneurs with disabilities in theory, policy, and practice.
This article investigates the effect of disability on progress in the start-up process. One person out of 10 has a disability, yet entrepreneurship literature remains silent on the contributions of this population. This is surprising given that people with disabilities are more likely to be self-employed than the general population. Results from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics show that start-up efforts by nascent entrepreneurs with disabilities are less likely to result in the emergence of a viable organization, indicating that nascent entrepreneurs with disabilities face particular challenges.
Social entrepreneurship has been gaining increasing attention as a possible employment strategy for people with disabilities. However, little is known about the experiences of social entrepreneurs with disabilities in relation to their resources need
Entrepreneurship is increasingly emerging as a viable employment option for many people with disabilities. It provides opportunities to develop interests, skills, and passion for starting a business. We conducted multiple interviews with various stakeholders to identify the perceived supports and barriers that people with disabilities encounter in the process of pursuing entrepreneurship.Individual interviews included 20 entrepreneurs with disabilities, 6 service providers, and 5 school administrators. This qualitative study used a constructivist grounded theory approach to shape the process of data collection, analysis, and theory building.People with disabilities interested in pursuing entrepreneurship benefit from facilitators such as social support, mentoring, and access to space, equipment, and money. Personal qualities include their desire to be "my own boss," help others, earn money, creativity, persistence, and flexibility. On the other hand, they may face several systemic barriers, such as the lack of infrastructure to set up the business, discrimination, lack of formal support from Vocational Rehabilitation counselors or their school settings, and/or lack of money.The systemic barriers can make it difficult for entrepreneurs to start and/or continue to operate their businesses. We discuss the implications of the findings for the development of entrepreneurship training for youth with disabilities and offer recommendations for future research and practice in the rehabilitation field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Effective CD3 T-cell engagers (TCEs) must balance potency with potential toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome. The CD3- and tumor-binding arms should function together to maximize tumor-cell killing while fine-tuning cytokine release. However, most TCEs in clinical development are derived from a small number of CD3-binding antibodies, such as SP34–2, limiting the pairs of parental antibodies that allow for optimal immunological synapse formation. To address these barriers, AbCellera developed a complete TCE platform: a discovery engine to identify diverse antibodies with high specificity for tumor targets, a portfolio of fully-human, developable, CD3-binding antibodies that are distinct from SP34–2, a clinically-validated multispecific engineering platform, and a high-throughput strategy to rapidly identify TCE candidates. Previously, we demonstrated that identical CD3-binding antibodies result in variable functional profiles when paired with different tumor targets, supporting the value of beginning with diverse parental antibodies. But the full extent to which CD3-binding parameters impact TCE function has not been well-understood due to the limited number of anti-CD3 antibodies that have been used to generate TCEs. In this study, we designed and engineered our largest panel of bispecific TCEs to date and used high-throughput functional assessments to gain novel insights into how CD3-binding properties impact function. We present here an overview of those insights, along with a demonstration of how we leverage these lessons to rationally select CD3-binders for different tumor targets.
Methods
To deepen our understanding of CD3-binding parameters that impact function, we paired hundreds of CD3-binders with a single tumor-binding paratope. We assessed bispecifics using our high-throughput primary T cell functional assays, including tumor-cell killing and release of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, and IL-6. We performed a clustering analysis to identify distinct functional profiles, and aggregated these data with extensive analyses of our CD3-binders to gain insights into how CD3-binding properties impact function.
Results
We compared TCE functional readouts across a range of monovalent CD3-binding parameters, including affinity, on- and off-rates, subunit specificity, and epitopes, revealing the impact of several parameters on TCE function. We then leveraged these insights, combined with our functional clustering analysis, to select diverse CD3-binding antibodies for multiple bispecific TCE programs.
Conclusions
We integrated large parental and bispecific antibody datasets to gain insights into parameters that impact TCE function. By combining these insights with our previous data demonstrating the impact of tumor target on TCE function, we have developed a strategy to rationally select tumor- and CD3-binding antibody pairs for each tumor target.
This chapter discusses some barriers preventing people with disabilities from participating in entrepreneurship and additional barriers further compounded by the challenges faced when starting and running a business as a woman with a disability. The history of disability and institutionalization is distinct in many European countries, where an entire generation was lost to the Eugenic influences of the second World War. Disability studies scholars have challenged reductionist approaches where disability has been defined using deficiency models, often referred to as the medical model. In the US, people with disabilities have a long history of oppression and segregation that continues today and is represented in their exclusion from employment on a structural and cultural level. People with disabilities, and women in particular, encounter both a glass ceiling and a glass cliff effect. Over the past two decades, entrepreneurship has been promoted as a strategy for addressing the prevalence of unemployment and underemployment among people with disabilities.
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