To determine the interrelationships between baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and overall long-term risk of cerebrovascular disease (CBVD).This was a prospective cohort study of subjects aged 55 years or more who were enrolled in the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and had a baseline MMSE score available. Baseline MMSE score was divided into four categories: ≥28, 26-27, 23-25, and ≤22. Participants were followed for 23 years. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between MMSE score and CBVD.A total of 2101 participants were included in this analysis, 335 (15.9%) with an MMSE score ≥28, 365 (17.4%) with a score of 26-27, 579 (27.6%) with a score of 23-25, and 822 (7.4%) with a score ≤22. There were 576 cases of CBVD. The overall risk of CBVD increased with decreasing MMSE score. The impact of MMSE score on the risk of CBVD was much stronger in women than in men. The hazard ratio for CBVD risk was 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.39, P < 0.05) for subjects with an MMSE score ≤22, and 1.21 (95% CI, 0.91-1.61, P < 0.05) for those with an MMSE score of 23-25. Higher MMSE scores were less strongly associated with the risk of CBVD.Elderly people with lower MMSE scores, especially women, are at higher long-term risk of CBVD.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a prevalent acute infectious disease caused by enteroviruses, presenting substantial public health challenges in Shanghai, especially among children. The dynamic nature of HFMD's etiology necessitates an ongoing evaluation of its epidemiological and virological trends to inform effective control strategies. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological patterns and viral evolution of HFMD in Fengxian District, Shanghai, China, with a focus on shifts in predominant viral strains over a 14-year period. We conducted a retrospective analysis of HFMD cases reported to the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System in Fengxian District from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2022. Epidemiological trends, strain prevalence, and demographic impacts were assessed. A total of 27,272 HFMD cases were documented during the study period, with incidence showing pronounced seasonal fluctuations—peaking in spring and summer and a lesser peak in autumn. The disease incidence demonstrated significant positive correlations with several meteorological variables: daily average temperature (r = 0.30, P < 0.05), relative humidity (r = 0.20, P < 0.05), wind speed (r = 0.17, P < 0.05), and precipitation (r = 0.17, P < 0.05). Geographically, Nanqiao Town, Fengcheng Town, and Xidu Subdistrict reported the highest incidence rates. The demographic analysis revealed a male-to-female ratio of 1.60:1, predominantly affecting children aged 1–3 years. Prior to 2017, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) were the primary detected strains; post-2017, Coxsackievirus A6 (CoxA6) emerged as the dominant strain. Statistical analysis confirmed significant year-to-year variations in virus detection rates, with decreasing trends for EV71 and other enteroviruses and an increasing trend for CoxA6. The findings indicate a distinct seasonal incidence of HFMD in Fengxian District. This study underscores the need for targeted public health education, enhanced surveillance, and proactive measures in childcare facilities to mitigate disease spread during peak seasons. Moreover, the evolving viral landscape warrants accelerated efforts in vaccine development against new strains to reduce HFMD incidence.
In China, few studies reported the disability situation and the association between disabilities with chronic conditions in aged people. This study investigates the cross-sectional trends of prevalence and severity of activities of daily living disability (ADL) in Chinese oldest-old people from 1998 to 2008, and identified the potential risk factors of disability.
Few studies have investigated the prevalence of carotid plaque with different stability in Chinese. As is well known, carotid atherosclerosis is tightly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, the data about the association between the presence of carotid plaque with different stability and MetS was limited. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of carotid plaque with different stability and its potential association with MetS in general Chinese population. The Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community study is a community-based study to investigate the epidemiology of asymptomatic polyvascular abnormalities in Chinese adults. A total of 5393 participants were finally eligible and included in this study. The carotid plaque and its stability were assessed using ultrasonography. The MetS was defined using the criteria from US National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. Data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression models. Of the 5393 subjects, 1397 (25.9%) participants had stable carotid plaque, 1518 (28.1%) had unstable carotid plaque in participants, and 1456 (27.0%) had a MetS. MetS was, respectively, significantly associated with the prevalence of carotid plaque (odds ratio [OR]: 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07, 1.47), stable carotid plaque (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02,1.48), and unstable carotid plaque (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.03,1.56) after adjusting for age, gender, level of education, income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. With the number of MetS components, the prevalence of carotid plaque, stable carotid plaque, and unstable carotid plaque significantly increased (P for trend <0.0001), respectively. In summary, the prevalence of carotid plaque was 54.1%, stable carotid plaque was 25.9%, and unstable carotid plaque was 28.1%. Our study revealed that the prevalence of carotid plaque, stable carotid plaque, and unstable carotid plaque was, respectively, significantly associated with MetS in the general population.
Different enterprises may adopt different XML syntax to represent similar business data. For the same XML dialect, its different versions may differ in syntax too. For effective business data communication and integration, the XML documents must be syntactically valid and semantically meaningful. Generally, DTD and XSD are used to specify XML syntax, and Schematron is used to specify semantic constraints of business data. Since the same type of business data is often represented by many different syntaxes, we need to maintain a large growing pool of different versions of semantic constraints in Schematron, which could easily lead to chaos and consistency errors. We provide a knowledge-based approach by extending OWL to support the effective concept-level representation of semantic constraints on business data, so that we only need to design and maintain one Schematron document for similar business data constraint thus reduce complexity.
Background: The leading cause of death in China is stroke, a condition that also contributes heavily to the disease burden. Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common cause of stroke. Compared to Western countries, in China the proportion of ICH is significantly higher. Standardized treatment based on evidence-based medicine can help reduce ICH's burden. In the present study we aimed to explore the agreement between the management strategies during ICH's acute phase and Class I recommendations in current international practice guidelines in Beijing (China), and to elucidate the reasons underlying any inconsistencies found. Method: We retrospectively collected in-hospital data from 1,355 ICH patients from 15 hospitals in Beijing between January and December 2012. Furthermore, a total of 75 standardized questionnaires focusing on ICH's clinical management were distributed to 15 cooperative hospitals. Each hospital randomly selected five doctors responsible for treating ICH patients to complete the questionnaires. Results: Numerous approaches were in line with Class I recommendations, as follows: upon admission, all patients underwent radiographic examination, about 93% of the survivors received health education and 84.5% of those diagnosed with hypertension were prescribed antihypertensive treatment at discharge, in-hospital antiepileptic drugs were administered to 91.8% of the patients presenting with seizures, and continuous monitoring was performed for 88% of the patients with hyperglycemia on admission. However, several aspects were inconsistent with the guidelines, as follows: only 14.2% of the patients were initially managed in the neurological intensive care unit and 22.3% of the bedridden patients received preventive treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) within 48 h after onset. The questionnaire results showed that imaging examination, blood glucose monitoring, and secondary prevention of ICH were useful to more clinicians. However, the opposite occurred for the neurological intensive care unit requirement. Regarding the guidelines' recognition, no significant differences among the 3 education subgroups were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Doctors have recognized most of ICH's evidence-based practice guidelines. However, there are still large gaps between the management of ICH and the evidence-based practice guidelines in Beijing (China). Retraining doctors is required, including focusing on preventing DVT providing a value from the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Glasgow Coma Scalescores at the time of admission.
The relationship between liver enzymes and clustered components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is explored and the predictive power of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) for the diagnosis of MetS in an adult population in Beijing is investigated. A total of 10,553 adults aged 20–65 years who underwent health examinations at Beijing Tongren Hospital in 2012 were enrolled in the study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis is conducted to determine the associations between the levels of various liver enzymes and clustered components of MetS. A receiver operating characteristic analysis is used to determine the optimal cut-off value of GGT for the diagnosis of MetS. A high level of GGT is found to be positively associated with clustered components of MetS in both men and women after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), history of alcoholic fatty liver, and the presence of taking anti-hypertensive, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-diabetic drugs. Among all components of MetS, GGT is more predictive of triglyceride, and BMI. The area-under-the-curve values of GGT for discriminating MetS from normal metabolic status in men and women are 0.73 and 0.80, respectively. The optimal cut-off value of GGT for men is 31.50 U/L, demonstrating a sensitivity of 74.00% and specificity of 62.00%. For women, it is 19.50 U/L (sensitivity 76.00% and specificity 70.00%). GGT is therefore recommended as a useful diagnostic marker for MetS, because the test is inexpensive, highly sensitive, and frequently encountered in clinical practice.
As the tsunami of data has emerged, search engines have become the most powerful tool for obtaining scattered information on the internet. The traditional search engines return the organized results by using ranking algorithm such as term frequency, link analysis (PageRank algorithm and HITS algorithm) etc. However, these algorithms must combine the keyword frequency to determine the relevance between user’s query and the data in the computer system or internet. Moreover, we expect the search engines could understand users’ searching by content meanings rather than literal strings. Semantic Web is an intelligent network and it could understand human’s language more semantically and make the communication easier between human and computers. But, the current technology for the semantic search is hard to apply. Because some meta data should be annotated to each web pages, then the search engine will have the ability to understand the users intend. However, annotate every web page is very time-consuming and leads to inefficiency. So, this study designed an ontology-based approach to improve the current traditional keyword-based search and emulate the effects of semantic search. And let the search engine can understand users more semantically when it gets the knowledge.
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