Adrian McDonald

University of Canterbury

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Peter Kuma

Bolin Centre for Climate Research

Alex Schuddeboom

University of Canterbury

G. E. Bodeker

Bodeker Scientific (New Zealand)

Olaf Morgenstern

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

Mike Harvey

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

Simon Parsons

University of Canterbury

Simon P. Alexander

Australian Antarctic Division

Laura E. Revell

University of Canterbury

Stefanie Kremser

Bodeker Scientific (New Zealand)

James Renwick

Victoria University of Wellington

Cooperative Institutions

University of Canterbury

University of Leeds

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

University of Colorado Boulder

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research

University of Oxford

Aberystwyth University

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

University of Melbourne

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Review: The Determinants of Fertility in Advanced Societies, Population Decline in Europe, Pollution and Policy, Approaches to Controlling Air Pollution, Successful Business Policies, Housing Policy in the Developed Economy, Advances in Input—Output Analysis, the European Parliament, Citizens and the Environment: Case Studies in Popular Action

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space (1979)

Maurice Kirk Adrian McDonald Peter Dicken Roger Duclaud‐Williams S M Macgill

10.1068/a111325

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Incorporating sustainable development into redevelopment

Sustainable Development (2003)

Sandra Alker Adrian McDonald

Abstract Recent UK Government strategies and planning policies have embraced the principle of sustainable development, presenting this as a framework for future planning and land‐use decisions. This paper will review those policies that emphasize the need to re‐use previously developed land. Resulting from these policies is a need for local authorities, in particular, to adopt a sequential testing approach in terms of land‐use decisions. We evaluated the sequential testing approaches advocated, examining how they equate with the assessment of indicators of sustainable development. Current sequential testing approaches tend to evaluate over‐arching considerations within the planning framework and do not necessarily assess site‐specific characteristics. This paper argues that if optimum adherence to the principle of sustainable development in land‐use decisions is desired, the pre‐determination of end‐use should be ended or at least minimized since it does not facilitate sustainable development. It is suggested that in order to achieve sustainable development in land‐use decisions, a sequential approach to determine end‐use, based on those characteristics exhibited by the site is necessary. Therefore, there is also a need for a mechanism that can assess whether the development decision has reached an optimum choice concerning sustainable development. The paper concludes by proposing that a framework for expressing site characteristics as elements of sustainable development is needed to enable best possible sustainable land‐use decisions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

10.1002/sd.215

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Citations (26)

Merging Nitrogen Management and Renewable Energy Needs

The Scientific World JOURNAL (2001)

Elizabeth J. Wilson Pippa J. Chapman Adrian McDonald

The ARBRE (ARable Biomass Renewable Energy) project, the first large-scale wood-fueled electricity generating plant in the U.K., represents a significant development in realising British and European policy objectives on renewable energy. The plant is fueled by a mix of wood from short rotation coppice (SRC) and forest residues. Where feasible, composted/conditioned sewage sludge is applied to coppice sites to increase yields and improve soil structure. In the Yorkshire Water region, typical total N:P:K composition of composted/conditioned sludge is 2.9:3.8:0.3, respectively. Sludge application is calculated on the basis of total nitrogen (N) content to achieve 750 kg N ha -1 , for 3 years’ requirement. Willow coppice forms a dense, widely spaced, root network, which, with its long growing season, makes it an effective user of nutrients. This, in combination with willow’s use as a nonfood, nonfodder crop, makes it an attractive route for the recycling of sewage sludge in the absence of sea disposal, banned under the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD). Further work is required on the nutritional requirements of SRC in order to understand better the quantities of sludge that can be applied to SRC without having a detrimental impact on the environment. This paper suggests the source of N rerouting under the UWWTD and suggests the likely expansion of SRC as an alternative recycling pathway.

Short rotation coppice

Sewage sludge

Arable land

Energy crop

10.1100/tsw.2001.370

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Flood Risk in Asia’s Urban Mega-deltas

Environment and Urbanization Asia (2012)

Faith Ka Shun Chan Gordon Mitchell Olalekan Adekola Adrian McDonald

Asia’s urbanized mega-deltas are experiencing increased incidences of flooding. Flood risk is increasing due to urban growth, which makes people more vulnerable and threatens economic assets, and due to factors that increase flood hazard, including reduced delta aggradation, subsidence though natural resource extraction, and climate change, including extreme weather events, such as typhoons, and sea level rise. The recent history of flooding in Asia’s deltaic cities and the drivers of that risk have been examined in this article. We give particular attention to the Pearl River Delta, and its cities of Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shenzhen, important economic centres of Asia. The flood risk is substantial, but flood risk management appear to suffer through a lack of sufficient strategic planning, and the difficulty of defending deltaic cities through traditional engineering approaches alone. Drawing on lessons from flood risk management internationally, we suggest that there are ways forward in developing flood mitigation strategies for deltaic cities in the region, which deserve further exploration.

Flash flood

Natural hazard

10.1177/097542531200300103

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Citations (74)

A probabilistic study of the return of stratospheric ozone to 1960 levels

Geophysical Research Letters (2016)

A. Helena Södergren G. E. Bodeker Stefanie Kremser Malte Meinshausen Adrian McDonald

Abstract Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone‐depleting substances are expected to continue to affect concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere through the 21st century. While a range of estimates for when stratospheric ozone is expected to return to unperturbed levels is available in the literature, quantification of the spread in results is sparse. Here we present the first probabilistic study of latitudinally resolved years of return of stratospheric ozone to 1960 levels. Results from our 180‐member ensemble, simulated with a newly developed simple climate model, suggest that the spread in return years of ozone is largest around 40°N/S and in the southern high latitudes and decreases with increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The spread in projections of ozone is larger for higher greenhouse gas scenarios and is larger in the polar regions than in the midlatitudes, while the spread in ozone radiative forcing is smallest in the polar regions.

Middle latitudes

Ozone Depletion

Forcing (mathematics)

10.1002/2016gl069700

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Citations (3)

Estimating Small Area Demand for Water: A New Methodology

Water and Environment Journal (1997)

Graham Clarke Amatsia Y Kashti Adrian McDonald Paula Williamson

Abstract The estimation of water demand is fundamental to effective water resource management. Water supply is measured at district level but true demand is not, and therefore studies of water‐pricing relations are limited and mass‐balance based assessment of leakage, illegal use, meter inaccuracies etc., are compromised. This paper describes the value and limitations of existing geodemographic methods, and an alternative technique widely used in other fields, microsimulation, is proposed. It is shown that geographic stability in demand relations is not found in all consumer commodities and cannot be assumed for water. Sampled data for Leeds, West Yorkshire, are used to construct a microsimulation model, and the results of that model are applied to the city of Leeds at ward level. Applicability is also demonstrated at enumeration district level.

Non-revenue water

Water balance

10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb00114.x

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Citations (51)

Data associated with 'Projections of Domestic Water Demand over the Long-Term: A Case Study of London and the Thames Valley'

Rizwan Nawaz Philip Rees Stephen Clark Gordon S. Mitchell Adrian McDonald

The dataset consists of files used in carrying out analysis reported in the Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management paper published online in September 2019. Please note that these files do not contain Domestic Water User Survey data for which Thames Water Utilities Ltd. retains Intellectual Property Rights. Users should contact co-author Ross Henderson at TWUL for permission to access the SPSS saved system file containing the processed DWUS data. The “Water Demand Projections Final” provides summary data on projected numbers of households by type and Water Resource Zone. The underpinning population projections data are available via http://www.ethpop.org or the UK Data Archive via https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-852508 SN (Study Number): 852508 Title: NEWETHPOP - Ethnic population projections for UK local areas 2011-2061. The methods for transforming projected populations into projected households are described in Rees, P., Clark, S. and Nawaz, R. (2019) Household Forecasts for the Planning of Long-Term Domestic Water Demand: Application to London and the Thames Valley. Population, Space and Place., in press.

Underpinning

Source

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An assessment of extreme precipitation within cyclone composites using ERA5

Cameron McErlich Adrian McDonald James Renwick

Extra-tropical cyclones are key components of the atmospheric general circulation due to their ability to transport large quantities of heat, moisture, and momentum. Cyclones are an important contributor to extreme weather as their passage is associated with strong winds, and large precipitation accumulations. Here we connect a cyclone compositing scheme with regionally derived distributions of precipitation to present a framework for classifying spatially dependent extremes relative to the cyclone centre. Using this framework, cyclone composites for both average (50th percentile) and extreme (90th and 98th percentile) precipitation are derived from ERA5 reanalysis output. Composites are then partitioned into different stages of the cyclone lifecycle to assess the spatial and temporal evolution of precipitation extremes. We find that most extreme precipitation occurs within the comma-cloud structure close to the cyclone centre, with the extreme precipitation occurrence and intensity occurring in that region. Extreme precipitation is also identified to be largest during the period of deepening before the maximum cyclone intensity is reached. These regions of the cyclone correspond to places where large fractions of precipitation are above the extreme threshold. Strong spatial correlation are also seen between the average and extreme precipitation during the deepening phase for the precipitation mean, occurrence and fraction. This correlation weakens as the cyclone evolves and as the threshold used to determine extreme precipitation increases.

Intensity

10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10857

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Book reviews: Mitchell, B., editor, 1990: Integrated water man agement: international experiences and perspec tives. London and New York: Belhaven Press. xiv + 226 pp. £29.50 cloth. ISBN: 1 85293 026 8

Progress in Human Geography (1992)

Adrian McDonald

10.1177/030913259201600338

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VHF signal power suppression in stratiform and convective precipitation

Annales Geophysicae (2006)

Adrian McDonald K. P. Monahan David A Hooper C. Gaffard

Abstract. Previous studies have indicated that VHF clear-air radar return strengths are reduced during periods of precipitation. This study aims to examine whether the type of precipitation, stratiform and convective precipitation types are identified, has any impact on the relationships previously observed and to examine the possible mechanisms which produce this phenomenon. This study uses a combination of UHF and VHF wind-profiler data to define periods associated with stratiform and convective precipitation. This identification is achieved using an algorithm which examines the range squared corrected signal to noise ratio of the UHF returns for a bright band signature for stratiform precipitation. Regions associated with convective rainfall have been defined by identifying regions of enhanced range corrected signal to noise ratio that do not display a bright band structure and that are relatively uniform until a region above the melting layer. This study uses a total of 68 days, which incorporated significant periods of surface rainfall, between 31 August 2000 and 28 February 2002 inclusive from Aberystwyth (52.4° N, 4.1° W). Examination suggests that both precipitation types produce similar magnitude reductions in VHF signal power on average. However, the frequency of occurrence of statistically significant reductions in VHF signal power are very different. In the altitude range 2-4 km stratiform precipitation is related to VHF signal suppression approximately 50% of the time while in convective precipitation suppression is observed only 27% of the time. This statistical result suggests that evaporation, which occurs more often in stratiform precipitation, is important in reducing the small-scale irregularities in humidity and thereby the radio refractive index. A detailed case study presented also suggests that evaporation reducing small-scale irregularities in humidity may contribute to the observed VHF signal suppression.

Precipitation types

Wind profiler

SIGNAL (programming language)

Electron precipitation

10.5194/angeo-24-23-2006

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Citations (10)