Abstract Background For many years Poland has been undertaking initiatives aimed at reducing the problem of smoking among citizens. Many educational and legislative activities have been carried out. One of them was introduction of smoking ban in workplaces and other public places in 2010. The aim of the was to look for attitudes of Polish employers towards smoking and e-cigarette use in workplaces. Methods The cross-sectional survey was carried out on representative group of 2,501 employers from Poland in July/August 2018. Respondents answered to the original questionnaire with help of Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) method. Questionnaire consisted of 19 questions regarding attitudes towards smoking and e-cigarettes use in their workplaces. Data were analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis methods. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Only 44.9% employers agree they should not take care for creation conditions for smoking tobacco/e-cigarettes use during working hours. The majority of respondents (53.7%) believe that non-smokers (without going out to smoke) have fewer breaks in their work. In addition, 51.8% of respondents believe that smoking tobacco/e-cigarettes by employees brings economic losses to the company, and 55.0% think that smoking tobacco/e-cigarettes use during work spoils the company’s image. At the same time, as many as 88.5% of respondents indicated that their workplaces did not carry out activities encouraging them to quit in the last two years and 52.8% do not believe in their effectiveness. Conclusions Although respondents indicated the negative consequences for their companies because of tobacco smoking/e-cigarettes use by employees, the majority of employers do not take actions to reduce this problem. As big part of them sees also economical and image problems they should be supported in their activity to reduce the tobacco/e-cigarette use among employees. Key messages Employers see economical and image problems cause by smoking/e-cigarette using employees. Employers should be supported by public health professionals as they do not believe nor undertake effective activities to reduce tobacco smoking/e-cigarettes use.
The goal of this paper is to verify the correlations between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and the selected demographic and job characteristics vs. professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists in Poland.The study group consisted of 166 laboratory scientists. The Polish Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire (Szczucka) was used for testing perfectionism. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory was used for examining burnout syndrome.Adaptive perfectionism was positively and maladaptive perfectionism was negatively correlated with both aspects of professional burnout: the disengagement from work and exhaustion. What is more, maladaptive perfectionism was correlated negatively with age and work experience. People in relationships have a higher level of disengagement and a higher level of exhaustion than single ones. The results of hierarchical regression analyses have revealed, after having controlled selected demographic and job factors, that a significant predictor of disengagement is the high level of adaptive perfectionism and low level of maladaptive perfectionism. In addition, a significant predictor of high level of exhaustion is the low level of maladaptive perfectionism.Professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists is of a specific nature. The "healthier" perfectionism they reveal, the higher level of burnout they present. In this profession, lower risk of burnout is represented by those who are characterized by the lack of confidence in the quality of their actions and a negative reaction to their own imperfections associated with imposed social obligation to be perfect. The individuals pursuing their internal high standards experience burnout faster. Med Pr 2018;69(3):253-260.The goal of this paper is to verify the correlations between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and the selected demographic and job characteristics vs. professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists in Poland.The study group consisted of 166 laboratory scientists. The Polish Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire (Szczucka) was used for testing perfectionism. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory was used for examining burnout syndrome.Adaptive perfectionism was positively and maladaptive perfectionism was negatively correlated with both aspects of professional burnout: the disengagement from work and exhaustion. What is more, maladaptive perfectionism was correlated negatively with age and work experience. People in relationships have a higher level of disengagement and a higher level of exhaustion than single ones. The results of hierarchical regression analyses have revealed, after having controlled selected demographic and job factors, that a significant predictor of disengagement is the high level of adaptive perfectionism and low level of maladaptive perfectionism. In addition, a significant predictor of high level of exhaustion is the low level of maladaptive perfectionism.Professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists is of a specific nature. The “healthier” perfectionism they reveal, the higher level of burnout they present. In this profession, lower risk of burnout is represented by those who are characterized by the lack of confidence in the quality of their actions and a negative reaction to their own imperfections associated with imposed social obligation to be perfect. The individuals pursuing their internal high standards experience burnout faster. Med Pr 2018;69(3):253–260.
Abstract Background The problem of tobacco use among minors and in their immediate environment remains a significant challenge in Poland. Although Poland has passed smoke free law children are still being exposed to tobacco smoke. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenomenon of tobacco use by children in City of Sopot and in their surroundings. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the SOPKARD program for early detection of risk factors for civilization diseases in children and adolescents. A limited GYTS questionnaire was utilized to conduct the study. Data was collected from all the fifth grade students (9-11 yo) attending to Sopot primary schools in 2017 and 2018. Results The study involved 385 students (161 in 2017 and 224 in 2018). Only few students tried to smoke traditional cigarettes (3%) or use electronic e-cigarettes (2%). Despite the legal ban, 24% of students saw smokers in the school premises. In addition, 34% of children said that one or both of their parents smokes and that in only slightly more than ¾ of the houses smoking is completely prohibited. As many as 66% of students reported smoking incidents in the cars they travel. There were 16% students who think they could start smoking in the future. Conclusions The results suggest that Sopot children are still exposed to tobacco smoke inhalation. It happens in private, non-smoking areas (homes and family cars). It is worth conducting educational activities and considering legislative initiatives such as smoking ban in vehicles carrying children to stimulate parents to take care more of the health of their children. Key messages Although tobacco legislation in Poland protects people from passive smoking in public places children are still exposed in private premises. Ban on smoking should be extended to privates cars at minimum.
Abstract Smoking and the use of electronic cigarettes pose a risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study was to analyze the availability of these products for Polish youth. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 2020 on a sample of secondary school students (N = 19241) representative of the Polish population, using the CAWI method. In order to estimate the relationship between the independent variables and the outcome variables, the Bayesian multivariate logistic regression was used in the R program using the brms library. It was observed that there were differences in the factors related to the refusal to sell traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes to Polish youth. The age of adolescents has a more significant relationship (lnBF <2.3) with the refusal to sell them traditional cigarettes (lnBF = 49.65) than e-cigarettes (lnBF = 25.21). Contrary to gender and province of residence, which show a significant relationship only with the refusal to sell e-cigarettes (lnBF = 4.9, lnBF = 3.5). However, they are not related to the refusal to sell traditional cigarettes at all. The amount of expenditure of Polish youth on traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes significantly depends on the size of pocket money (lnBF = 49.39), the type of school attended by young people (lnBF = 12.19) and the province of residence (lnBF = 3). Other factors, such as age, gender or the size of the place of residence, remain irrelevant. Higher pocket money contributes to higher spending on nicotine products ((lnBF = 12.19). It seems that the age of adolescents does not equally limit access to nicotine products, making e-cigarettes more easily available for sale. Action is needed to effectively limit the access of young people to harmful products. Key messages • It seems that the age of adolescents does not equally limit access to nicotine products, making e-cigarettes more easily available for sale. • Action is needed to effectively limit the access of young people to harmful products.
Abstract Identifying predictors of e-cigarette use initiation is important for preventing young persons from becoming smokers. Because of the addictiveness, harmful effects but on the other hand attractiveness and fashion for e-cigarettes among young people, teen use of tobacco related products is a significant public health concern. This study evaluated the determinants of susceptibility to e-cigarette use to both e-cigarettes use and traditional cigarettes in secondary school students in Poland. This study examined a sample of Polish youths aged 13-19 (n = 19241) attending 192 schools, 12 on average in each voivodship. Logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios. The profile of susceptibility to e-cigarettes use among never e-cigarette users included: pocket money available per month (more than 150 PLN) (OR = 1.7; p = 0.001), 16-17 years old (OR = 1.9; p = 0.001), parental tobacco smoking and e-cigarette usage (OR = 2.0; p = 0.01 and OR = 1.7; p = 0.001 respectively), maternal secondary education (OR = 1.1; p = 0.04) and living in big cities >500 thou. inhabitants (OR = 1.4; p = 0.04). E-cigarette susceptible persons among ever users were similar to never cigarette users in their opinion that e-cigarettes use are less harmful than conventional smoking (OR = 1.6; p = 0.0012) and living with both parents smoking cigarettes (OR = 1.3; p = 0.02). Additionally, the determinants were: female gender (OR = 1.5; p = 0.009) in the age group less than 15 years of age (OR = 1.3; p = 0.007). The results revealed that such basic predictors as: parental smoking and opinion of lower harmfulness of e-cigarettes use are the most important determinants of smoking susceptibility among never or ever e-cigarette users. The intervention should be focused on educating the young people and their parents on the addictiveness and harmful effects of e-cigarette use and smoking. Key messages
There is general agreement among scholars and policymakers that efforts to reduce smoking and prevent nicotine use should be intensified and focused on the most vulnerable part of society—adolescents. Regardless of common knowledge about the health consequences of smoking, according to data from 2020, about 51% of children in Poland had their first contact with smoking at the age of 15 and older. The objective of this research is to investigate motivations to start smoking or vaping, patterns of using tobacco products, perceptions of smoking/vaping and smokers/vapers, as well as attitudes toward nicotine addiction. The broad aim is to reflect on youth perceptions of nicotine use. A qualitative approach has been applied, utilising focus-group interviews. The sample included six focus groups, consisting of smokers and non-smokers of both genders, situated in three different cities in Poland. The interviewees were adolescents ages 16–18, attending high schools, technical schools, or vocational education. Interviews were transcribed and further analysed using the thematic analysis approach. This research enhances previously reported results by revealing new insights into the strategies applied by adolescents to mitigate financial barriers arising from high costs of nicotine products, as well as highlighting methods used to avoid the traditional antismoking messages placed on packaging.
The concept of a mass event has been defined by the law on mass event security. The use of drones to monitor events involves numerous benefits. Surveillance provided by means of drones is particularly beneficial as far as large open areas are concerned. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) alert one to any issues in the crowd.
